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Cardiovascular System

Explore the structure and function of the cardiovascular system, including the location of the heart, the pathway of blood, and the roles of the different heart chambers. Learn about the important role of blood vessels in transportation and how the heart keeps materials circulating.

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Cardiovascular System

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  1. Cardiovascular System • A closed system of the heart and blood vessels Objectives: Describe the location of the heart in the body and identify the heart chambers, sounds, and valves.Trace the pathway of blood through the heart and compare the functions of the heart chambers on the right and left sides. Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits.

  2. The Cardiovascular System • The function of the cardiovascular system • TRANSPORTATION • deliver oxygen • deliver nutrients • movement of hormones • remove carbon dioxide • remove urea • remove other waste products

  3. Blood: the mechanism for transport of these materials • Blood vessels: tubes through which materials are transported • Heart: the force that keeps materials circulating

  4. The Heart • Location • Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum • Orientation • Pointed apex (tip) directed toward left hip • Base (where the blood vessels emerge) points toward right shoulder • About the size of your fist • Hollow • Cone shaped

  5. The Heart: Coverings • Pericardium—a double-walled sac 1. Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial • for protection • to hold the heart in place

  6. The Heart: Coverings • Serous pericardium (deep to the fibrous pericardium) 2 layers a. Visceral pericardium • Next to heart; also known as the epicardium b. Parietal pericardium • Outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium • Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium

  7. 1. Heart 2. Fibrous pericardium 3. Parietal layer of serous pericardium 4. Visceral layer of serous pericardium 5. Pericardial space 6. Pleural cavity and lung

  8. The Heart: Heart Wall 3 layers • Epicardium (AKA: visceral pericardium) • Outside layer • Connective tissue layer • Myocardium • Middle layer • Mostly muscle • Endocardium • Inner layer • Endothelium

  9. The Heart: Chambers • Right and left side act as separate pumps • Four chambers • Atria (plural) • Receiving chambers • Right atrium • Left atrium • Ventricles • Discharging chambers • Right ventricle • Left ventricle

  10. Differences in Right and Left Ventricles Left ventricle is visibly more muscular It is responsible for pushing the blood out of the heart and into the vessel systems that carry blood to the entire body Figure 11.4

  11. The Heart: Septa Tissue dividing the chambers Named based on their location • Interventricular septum • Separates the two ventricles • Interatrial septum • Separates the two atria

  12. The Heart: Valves • Allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow • 4 valves • Atrioventricular (AV) valves between atria and ventricles 1. Bicuspid (AKA: mitral) valve (left side of heart) 2. Tricuspid valve (right side of heart)

  13. The Heart: Valves • Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery 3. Pulmonary semilunar valve 4. Aortic semilunar valve

  14. The Heart: Valves • AV valves (Tricuspid/Bicuspid) • Anchored in place by chordae tendineae (“heart strings”) which attach to papillary muscle to keep them from turning inside out • Open during heart relaxation and closed during ventricular contraction

  15. The Heart: Valves • Semilunar valves • Closed during heart relaxation but open during ventricular contraction • Notice these valves operate opposite of one another to force a one-way path of blood through the heart

  16. Operation of the AV valves Blood returning tothe atria, putspressure againstAV valves; the AVvalves are forcedopen AV valves open Ventricles (a) Figure 11.5a, step 1

  17. Operation of the AV valves Blood returning tothe atria, putspressure againstAV valves; the AVvalves are forcedopen As the ventriclesfill, AV valve flapshang limply intoventricles AV valves open Ventricles (a) Figure 11.5a, step 2

  18. Operation of the AV valves Blood returning tothe atria, putspressure againstAV valves; the AVvalves are forcedopen As the ventriclesfill, AV valve flapshang limply intoventricles AV valves open Atria contract,forcing additionalblood into ventricles Ventricles (a) Figure 11.5a, step 3

  19. Ventricles contract,forcing bloodagainst AV valveflaps (a) Figure 11.5a, step 4

  20. Ventricles contract,forcing bloodagainst AV valveflaps AV valves close AV valves closed (a) Figure 11.5a, step 5

  21. Ventricles contract,forcing bloodagainst AV valveflaps AV valves close Chordae tendineaetighten, preventingvalve flaps fromeverting into atria AV valves closed (a) Figure 11.5a, step 6

  22. Operation of the semilunar valves As ventriclescontract andintraventricularpressure rises,blood is pushedup againstsemilunarvalves, forcingthem open Aorta Pulmonarytrunk Semilunar valveopen (b) Figure 11.5b, step 1

  23. Operation of the semilunar valves As ventriclesrelax, andintraventricularpressure falls,blood flowsback fromarteries, fillingthe leaflets of semilunarvalves andforcing themto close As ventricles contract and intraventricularpressure rises, blood is pushed up againstsemilunar valves, forcing them open Aorta Pulmonarytrunk Semilunar valveclosed Semilunar valveopen (b) Figure 11.5b, step 2

  24. 2 Main Types of Circulation 1. Systemic circulation • Blood flows from the left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

  25. 2 Main Types of Circulation 2. Pulmonary circulation • Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

  26. Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations Figure 11.3

  27. The Heart: Associated Great Vessels • Arteries • Aorta • Leaves left ventricle • Pulmonary arteries • Leave right ventricle

  28. The Heart: Associated Great Vessels • Veins • Superior and inferior venae cavae • Enter right atrium • Pulmonary veins (four) • Enter left atrium

  29. The Heart: Summary http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636 Figure 11.2c

  30. The Heart: Associated Great Vessels Figure 11.2c

  31. Blood Flow Through the Heart • Superior and inferior venae cavae bring blood into the right atrium • From right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, blood travels to the right ventricle • From the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart as it passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk • Pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary arteries that carry blood to the lungs

  32. Blood Flow Through the Heart • Oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is dropped off by blood in the lungs • Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the four pulmonary veins • Blood enters the left atrium and travels through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle • From the left ventricle, blood leaves the heart via the aortic semilunar valve and aorta

  33. Practice!! • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter22/labeling_exercises.html • Practice Labeling

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