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Splash Screen. Chapter Introduction Section 1: Slavery and Western Expansion Section 2: The Crisis Deepens Section 3: The Union Dissolves Visual Summary. Chapter Menu. What Keeps Nations United?

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  1. Splash Screen

  2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:Slavery and Western Expansion Section 2:The Crisis Deepens Section 3:The Union Dissolves Visual Summary Chapter Menu

  3. What Keeps Nations United? From the days of the Constitutional Convention until the late 1840s, people in the North and South had made compromises to keep the nation united. That began to change in the 1850s as the nation expanded westward rapidly and the controversy over slavery in the new territories intensified. • Why do you think Northerners and Southerners became less willing to compromise in the 1850s? • Was the Civil War inevitable? Chapter Intro

  4. Chapter Timeline

  5. Chapter Timeline

  6. Slavery and Western Expansion How did western expansion cause the North and South to confront the issue of slavery? Chapter Intro 1

  7. The Crisis Deepens How did the controversy over slavery break up and create new political parties? Chapter Intro 2

  8. The Union Dissolves What is the final outcome of the national split over the slavery issue? Chapter Intro 3

  9. Chapter Preview-End

  10. Big Ideas Struggles for RightsAs sectional tensions rose, some Americans openly defied laws they thought were unjust. Section 1-Main Idea

  11. Content Vocabulary popular sovereignty secession transcontinental railroad Academic Vocabulary survival perception Section 1-Key Terms

  12. People and Events to Identify Wilmot Proviso Free-Soil Party “Forty-Niners” Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman Uncle Tom’s Cabin Gadsden Purchase Kansas-Nebraska Act Section 1-Key Terms

  13. A B Can you name an issue that seems to divide the country today? A. Yes B. No Section 1-Polling Question

  14. The Search for Compromise Continuing disagreements over the westward expansion of slavery increased sectional tensions between the North and South. Section 1

  15. The Search for Compromise (cont.) In August 1846 Representative David Wilmot proposed an addition to a war appropriations bill. His amendment, known as the Wilmot Proviso, proposed that any territory the United States gained from Mexico would not permit slavery. Southerners were enraged and Senator John C. Calhoun prepared a series of resolutions to counter the Proviso, but it never came to a vote. Section 1

  16. The Search for Compromise (cont.) Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan proposed the idea of popular sovereignty. With the 1848 election approaching, the Whigs chose Zachary Taylor to run for president. There were two types of Northern Whigs: Conscience Whigs and Cotton Whigs. Section 1

  17. The Search for Compromise (cont.) The decision to nominate Taylor convinced many Conscience Whigs to quit the party. Antislavery Democrats and Conscience Whigs joined members of the abolitionist Liberty Party to form the Free-Soil Party. Taylor still won the election. Section 1

  18. The Search for Compromise (cont.) In 1848 gold was discovered in California, and thousands of people headed west, hoping to become rich. By the end of 1849, more than 80,000 “Forty-Niners” had arrived to look for gold. California applied for statehood as a free state. Southerners did not want to be in the minority as slave states and a few Southern leaders began to talk openly of secession. Section 1

  19. The Search for Compromise (cont.) Senator Henry Clay tried to find a compromise that would enable California to join the Union. • He offered eight resolutions to solve the crisis. • John C. Calhoun wrote a response, frankly stating that Clay’s compromise would not save the Union. Section 1

  20. The Search for Compromise (cont.) At first, Congress did not pass Clay’s bill, but Taylor died unexpectedly; Calhoun was dead by the end of the summer. • Vice President Millard Fillmore succeeded Taylor and supported the bill. • Stephen A. Douglas took charge of the effort to resolve the crisis. Section 1

  21. The Search for Compromise (cont.) All parts of the original proposal passed—the Compromise of 1850 eased tensions over slavery for the time being. The Compromise of 1850 Section 1

  22. A B C D Whose nickname was “The Great Compromiser”? A.John C. Calhoun B.Henry Clay C.Millard Fillmore D.Zachary Taylor Section 1

  23. The Fugitive Slave Act Many Northerners opposed the Fugitive Slave Act and vowed to disobey it. Section 1

  24. The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.) Under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, a person claiming that an African American had escaped from slavery had only to point out that person as a runaway to take him or her into custody. Newspaper accounts of the unjust seizure of African Americans fueled Northerners’ indignation. Section 1

  25. The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.) Although the Fugitive Slave Act included heavy fines and prison terms for helping a runaway, whites and free African Americans continued their work with the Underground Railroad. The most famous of the conductors was Harriet Tubman. Slavery and the Underground Railroad, 1830–1860 Section 1

  26. The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.) After receiving an account from her sister of the new Fugitive Slave Act that had gone into effect, Harriet Beecher Stowe began writing sketches for a book called Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Despite Southern outrage, the book eventually sold millions of copies. It had such a dramatic impact on public opinion that many historians consider it one of the causes of the Civil War. Section 1

  27. A B C D The words of which writer were used by many activists to justify defying the Fugitive Slave Act? A.Walt Whitman B.Emily Dickinson C.Henry David Thoreau D.Ralph Waldo Emerson Section 1

  28. The Kansas-Nebraska Act In the 1850s the debate over the spread of slavery became increasingly heated and sometimes turned violent. Section 1

  29. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.) The opening of Oregon and the admission of California to the Union had convinced Americans that a transcontinental railroad should be built to connect the West Coast to the rest of the country. Many Southerners preferred a southern route from New Orleans for the railroad. Section 1

  30. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.) In 1853 Mexico accepted $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase,which would allow the railroad to pass through northern Mexico. Senator Stephen A. Douglas wanted the eastern terminus to be in Chicago but knew that Congress first had to organize the unsettled lands west of Missouri and Iowa. Section 1

  31. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.) Southern senators made it clear to Douglas that if he wanted Nebraska organized, he needed to work to repeal the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in the new territory. Section 1

  32. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.) Douglas proposed the following bill: • He would undo the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in the region. • He would also divide the region into two territories—Nebraska (a free state) and Kansas (a slave state). Section 1

  33. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.) Despite Northern opposition, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed. “Bleeding Kansas,” as newspapers dubbed the territory, became the scene of a territorial civil war between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers. “Bleeding Kansas,” 1855–1856 Section 1

  34. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.) Senator Charles Sumner, a fiery abolitionist, delivered a speech accusing pro-slavery senators of forcing Kansas into the ranks of slave states. • He singled out Senator Andrew P. Butler. • Butler’s second cousin, Representative Preston Brooks, beat Sumner savagely with a cane, leaving him severely injured. Section 1

  35. A B By March 1856, Kansas had two governments because of the issue of slavery. A.True B.False Section 1

  36. Section 1-End

  37. Big Ideas Group ActionDue to differing opinions within established parties, Americans forged new political alliances in the 1850s. Section 2-Main Idea

  38. Content Vocabulary referendum insurrection Academic Vocabulary correspondence formulate Section 2-Key Terms

  39. People and Events to Identify Republican Party Dred Scott Lecompton constitution Freeport Doctrine John Brown Section 2-Key Terms

  40. A B Can you think of any martyrs in history? A. Yes B. No Section 2-Polling Question

  41. The Birth of the Republican Party Continuing disagreements over the expansion of slavery—most notably the Kansas-Nebraska Act—led to the formation of the Republican Party. Section 2

  42. The Birth of the Republican Party (cont.) Anger over the Kansas-Nebraska Act convinced former Whigs, members of the Free-Soil Party, and a few antislavery Democrats to work together during the congressional elections of 1854. Their coalition came to be known as the Republican Party. Eventually, the Republican Party absorbed most Northern Know-Nothings. Section 2

  43. The Birth of the Republican Party (cont.) Republicans elected John C. Frémont to run in the 1856 presidential campaign; the Democrats nominated James Buchanan; the American Party chose Millard Fillmore. Buchanan won the election. Section 2

  44. The Birth of the Republican Party (cont.) The case of Dred Scott v. Sandford went all the way to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled against Scott because, he claimed, African Americans were not citizens and therefore could not sue in the courts. This ruling became a political issue that further intensified sectional conflict. Section 2

  45. A B C Which political party agreed with Taney’s ruling in the Dred Scott case? A.Democrats B.Republicans C.The American Party Section 2

  46. The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas took positions on Kansas and the Dred Scott case that reduced his popularity while Abraham Lincoln gained a reputation within the Republican Party. Section 2

  47. The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln (cont.) President Buchanan urged Kansas to schedule an election for delegates to a constitutional convention, but antislavery candidates boycotted it, claiming it was rigged. • The resulting constitution legalized slavery in the territory. • Each side held its own referendum. Section 2

  48. The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln (cont.) The Senate voted to accept the Lecompton constitution, but the House of Representatives blocked it. Southern leaders in Congress agreed to allow Kansas to hold another referendum, during which they rejected the constitution. Kansas did not become a state until 1861. Section 2

  49. The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln (cont.) In 1858 Illinois Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln, a man morally opposed to slavery, to run for the Senate against the Democratic incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas. During a debate with Lincoln, Douglas tried to avoid the dilemma of slavery by formulating an answer that became known as the Freeport Doctrine. Section 2

  50. The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln (cont.) Douglas won the election, but Lincoln established his reputation as someone who could argue with force and eloquence. Section 2

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