Officer Richard Neil (retired)

1. Officer Richard Neil (retired) 1-6 Community Policing

3. Crime Prevention

4. The Development of American Law Enforcement The United States has more police departments than any other nation in the world. Virtually every community has its own police force, creating a great disparity in the quality of American police personnel and service.

5. American Police History • 1626, the New York City Sheriff's Office was founded • 1631, the Town of Boston started its first "Night Watch“ • 1838, first local modern police department established in the United States was the Boston Police Department • Police were not respected by the community, as corruption was rampant

6. Who were the first Police Officers?

7. Bass Reeves

8. Born enslaved in 1838 in Crawford County, Arkansas • Fled north into Indian Territory and lived with Seminole and Creek Indians. • Reeves and his family farmed until 1875 • Recruited by Judge Isaac Parker & U.S. Marshal James Fagan in 1875 • Reeves arrested over 3,000 fugitives & killed at least 14 • At statehood became a member of the Muskogee, Oklahoma, police department at the age of 68

9. State Police Agencies Growing populations, as well as the inability of some local sheriffs and constables to control crime, led states to create their own law enforcement agencies. • Texas officially created the Rangers in 1835. • Pennsylvania established the first modern state law enforcement agency in 1905. • By the 1930s, every state had some form of state law enforcement agency.

11. The evolution of policing • 1920s, led by Berkeley, California police chief, August Vollmer, police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training • First female police officer was Alice Stebbins Wells, who was hired by the Los Angeles Police Department in 1910 • LAPD also hired the first African-American police officer, Georgia Ann Robinson, in 1916

12. Professionalism and Reform • Until the late 19th century, there were no qualifications required for law enforcement officers. • Cincinnati was the first city to require (2) qualifications of police officers: • High moral character • Foot speed

13. The Structure of American Law Enforcement American law enforcement agencies are extremely diverse in: • Jurisdictions • Responsibilities • Employers (hospitals, colleges, transit authorities may have their own police)

15. COMMUNITY POLICING DEFINED A PRACTICAL, EFFECTIVE WAY OF POLICING THAT HELPS LAW ENFORCEMENT AND COMMUNITY PARTNERS WORK TOGETHER TO IDENTIFY CRIME AND ITS RELATED PROBLEMS, THEN DEVELOP WAYS TO RESOLVE AND PREVENT CRIME AND DISORDER FROM OCCURRING IN THE FUTURE

17. TEN PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY POLICING • PHILOSOPHY • CHANGE • COMMITMENT • FUTURISTIC • PERSONALIZED • ENFORCEMENT • PROACTIVE • SPECIAL NEEDS • TRUST • GRASS ROOTS

19. THREE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY POLICING • PARTNERSHIPS • EMPOWERMENT • PROBLEM SOLVING

20. MISSION STATEMENTS • DESCRIBE THE PURPOSE OF AN AGENCY • YOU SHOULD KNOW THE MISSION STATEMENT FOR ANY AGENCY YOU INTERVIEW WITH

21. The role of the law enforcement agency in Community Policing - Management • THE PROCESS OF PLANNING, ORGANIZING, LEADING AND CONTROLLING THE WORK OF ORGANIZATION MEMBERS TO REACH STATED ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS

22. Leadership: • The process of directing and influencing the task-related activities of organization members • Leadership is doing the right things and involves inspiring a shared set of values and vision for the future • Community Policing cannot be mandated from on high; leaders in the agency must lead by example

23. Building Consensus • Communication is a two way process • Seek ownership from all stakeholders in the Community Policing process, including…WHO???

25. EMPOWERMENT • Agencies must empower or give official power and authority to law enforcement personnel as they implement community policing in the community • Empowerment recognizes that the people who actually do the job are in a position to know how to do the job in the best way

26. EMPOWERMENT RESULTS IN: • MORE PHILOSOPHICAL BUY-IN • A GREATER SENSE OF OWNERSHIP IN THE PROCESS • INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY • EFFECTIVENESS OF SERVICES FOR THE COMMUNITY

27. DUTIES OF THE OFFICER IN COMMUNITY POLICING • ENFORCE LAWS & FOLLOW THEM • PROBLEM SOLVING • INCREASE POSITIVE COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT • RECRUIT AND SUPERVISE COMMUNITY VOLUNTEERS • COMMUNICATION BETWEEN LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY AND COMMUNITY

28. Continued • REFERRALS TO OTHER AGENCIES • NETWORK WITH OTHER AGENCIES, INCLUDING THE PRIVATE SECTOR

29. Full service policing: Adding a new dimension to law enforcement • Daily interaction with “customers” (citizens) • Crime prevention and the enforcement of laws • The officer must ascertain when each is appropriate, a broker of law enforcement and related services and a facilitator between the community and service providers

34. Shaping the new policing role • Creative problem solving skills • Ability to distinguish between symptoms of crime and actual crime problems • Interpersonal communication skills including public speaking • Outside activities and interests including volunteer opportunities

35. CREATIVE THINKING IS DEFINED AS 1ST STEP IN PROBLEM SOLVING • CREATIVITY IS AN ATTITUDE • CREATIVITY DOES NOT ACCEPT THE OBVIOUS • CREATIVITY ASKS WHY AND QUESTIONS THE STATUS QUO • CREATIVITY HAS MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES AND LEARNS BY LISTENING TO THOSE WHO ARE OR MAY BE DIFFERENT

36. ATTRIBUTES OF CREATIVE THINKERS • INTELLIGENT • FLEXIBLE • INTELLECTUALLY PLAYFUL • POSITIVE NONCONFORMITY • APPROPRIATELY PERSISTENT • SELF-CONFIDENT • AWARE OF SELF AND OTHERS

38. THE FOUR STEPS OF PROBLEM SOLVING ARE: • SCANNING • ANALYSIS • RESPONSE • ASSESSMENT

39. Problem Solving • Incidents are usually a symptom of a larger problem • Traditionally, police have been conditioned to treat symptoms or handle an incident as an isolated event rather than identify and address problems

41. COMMUNITY POLICING INITIATIVES THAT INVOLVE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND THE COMMUNITY-CRIME PREVENTION • NEIGHBORHOOD WATCH • CITIZEN POLICE ACADEMIES

42. WHAT PREVENTS CREATIVE THINKING • FALSE PRIDE • FAILURE TO FULLY DEFINE A PROBLEM • CONTENTMENT WITH THE PROBLEM/STATUS QUO • SINGLE SOLUTION THINKING

43. A PROBLEM IS DEFINED AS: • TWO OR MORE INCIDENTS SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER THAT CAUSE HARM TO THE PUBLIC AND THAT THE PUBLIC EXPECTS LAW ENFORCEMENT TO HANDLE

45. Scanning • Discovering and identifying the problem • Most important of the four steps • Avoid confusing symptoms with the real problem • Learn about and verify the problem • Identify the problem in terms of the people involved, their behavior and response to the problem

46. Analysis • Understand the actors, actions and reactions to the problem • Determine each aspect of the problem • Gather information including: • The seriousness of the problem • The individuals and groups affected by the problem • The possible causes of the problem • Solution objectives

47. Response • The action or solution decided on to address the identified problem • Solutions may eliminate the problem • Reduce the frequency of incidents • Reduce harm to the community • Improve the community’s perception of the problem

48. Response • Response objectives recognize that the strategy to address the problem must go beyond the incident to address: • Underlying issues • Provide a long-term solution • Improve the community in some way • Ultimately reduce police workload by reducing or eliminating the problem

49. Assessment • Determines whether the selected response was carried out as planned and effectively addressed the identified problem • Assessment is essential to determine the effectiveness of the response • If the response strategy was ineffective, go through the S.A.R.A. process again • After a third attempt, involve outside individuals to study the problem