Today’s Agenda:

1. Today’s Agenda: Journal Question: What are the differences between producers, consumers and decomposers? 1. Lecture: Ecology & The Biosphere (ending on slide 45) 2. Planet Earth 3. Make sure you have turned in your book work assignments for Ch 5 & Ch 6. Dr. Rick Woodward

2. Ecology & The Biosphere Dr. Rick Woodward

3. The Importance of Cells A. Cells are membrane-bound structures that are the basic units of life. B. Our environment affects our cells. Dr. Rick Woodward

4. You are your cells A. Simple Cellular Concept: Oxygen & Nutrients (in), Removal of waste products (out) B. Alexis Carrel won a Noble Prize in Physiology & Medicine in 1912. C. Kept a tissue culture of embryonic chicken heart cells alive for over 20 years by adding nutrients. -Longer than the life span of a chicken (Average life span = 10 years) Dr. Rick Woodward

5. Cellular Organelles A. Nucleus contains DNA(Genetic Code) B. Mitochondria produces ATP (Energy) C. Lysosome contains digestive enzymes. D. Golgi Apparatusmodifies proteins for export. E. Ribosomes: Protein synthesis F. Endoplasmic Reticulum (intracellular highway) G. Vacuolesstore enzymes and metabolic wastes in plants. Dr. Rick Woodward

6. Biology Putting it all together:The Big Picture Dr. Rick Woodward

7. Habitat A. The place where an organism lives. B. It can be different parts of a single tree or it can be different places like the desert, ocean, taiga. Dr. Rick Woodward

8. Niche A. The role an organism plays in its environment. B. Examples: (1) Decomposers break down organic matter. Dr. Rick Woodward

9. Habitat versus Niche A. Organisms do not compete with one another (Forest, Shelf Fungus, and Banana Slug) when they are in the same habitat but have different niches. Dr. Rick Woodward

10. Decomposers A. Return and recycle material to the environment. B. When an organism dies, the body is eaten by scavengers and decomposed by bacteria. Dr. Rick Woodward

11. Decomposers C. Most of the minerals within an ecosystem are recycled and returned to the environment by the help from decomposers. Dr. Rick Woodward

12. Producers A. Produce food (organic material) (1) Plants (autotrophs) B. There is more energy at the producer levelthan at the consumer level. Dr. Rick Woodward

13. Consumers A. A heterotroph that obtains energy from organic molecules made by other organisms. Dr. Rick Woodward

14. Trophic Levels A. A feeding levels in an ecosystem. B. 10% of the total energy consumed in one trophic level is incorporated into the organisms in the next trophic level. Dr. Rick Woodward

15. Energy Pyramids A. Shows that at the bottom (producer level) of the pyramid there is more energy. B. As you move toward the top of the pyramid there is less and less energy available. Dr. Rick Woodward

16. Energy Pyramids C. Energy is lost at each level of the pyramid due to: (1) Motion (2) Heat (Body Temperature) (3) Reproduction Dr. Rick Woodward

17. Energy (Food) Pyramid D. Energy is lost to the environment at each level, so less mass can be supported at each higher level. Dr. Rick Woodward

18. Predator – Prey Cycle A. Predators act as “checks” to control populations of other organisms from getting out of balance. (Draw the diagram below) Dr. Rick Woodward

19. Competition A. Different species can compete for resources. B. There are often winners and losers because some are better adapted to survive. Paramecia populations competing for survival Dr. Rick Woodward

20. Introduction of a nonnative animal species: A. Nonnative animal species often disrupt an ecosystem because in their new environment they have no natural enemies. (1) Example: Introduction of Bison to Catalina Island Dr. Rick Woodward

21. Food Chains A. Show how energy is transferred from: Sun  Producers  Primary Consumers  Secondary Consumers Sun  Plants  Grasshoppers  Rodent  Hawk Dr. Rick Woodward

22. Food Chains & The Soil Food Web Dr. Rick Woodward

23. Food Chains B. The arrows in the diagram indicate the direction of energy flow through a series of organisms. Dr. Rick Woodward

24. Food Chains C. Energy from the sun is stored by green plants and transferred to consumers. Dr. Rick Woodward

25. Dr. Rick Woodward

26. Adding Genetically Modified Food to our Food Chain A. What are the consequences? B. Creating genetically engineered food through recombinant DNA technology Dr. Rick Woodward

27. Genetic Engineering Dr. Rick Woodward

28. Genetically Modified (Transgenic) Food Around the World Dr. Rick Woodward

29. Biotechnology:Genetic Engineering A. Changing the genetic code by: (1) Recombinant DNA (2) Gene gun Dr. Rick Woodward

30. Transgenic organisms A. A host organism that has received recombinant DNA. Dr. Rick Woodward

31. Recombinant DNA Technology to Produce Insulin Dr. Rick Woodward

32. What is genetic engineering? All living organisms are made up of cells that contain a substance called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The structure of DNA molecules, whose units are called genes, contains information that is used by cells as a "recipe" for the organism. That is, the characteristics of any living thing are determined by the information in the DNA of its genes.In the last twenty years, scientists discovered that DNA is interchangeable among animals, plants, bacteria, and other organisms. In addition to using traditional breeding methods of improving plants and animals through crossbreeding and selection, scientists in some cases can now transfer the genes that determine many desirable traits from one plant or animal to another. The transfer of DNA is done by various methods, such as direct injection of cells with DNA or literally shooting cells with DNA-covered particles from a special gun. Another widely-used method is to insert the DNA into specially modified bacteria or viruses that carry it into cells they infect.Regardless of which method is used, the general process of transferring DNA from one organism to another is called genetic engineering. Almost any desirable trait found in nature can, in principle, be transferred into any chosen organism. A plant or animal modified by genetic engineering to contain DNA from an external source is called transgenic. Dr. Rick Woodward

33. Recombinant DNA Technology Dr. Rick Woodward

34. Popular uses of Genetic Engineering Dr. Rick Woodward

35. How common is corn in our daily diet? Dr. Rick Woodward

36. High Fructose Corn Syrup A. High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) has replaced sugar as the sweetener in many: 1. Breads 2. Cereals 3. Breakfast bars 4. Lunch meats 5. Yogurts 6. Soups 7. Sodas 8. Condiments Dr. Rick Woodward

37. High Fructose Corn Syrup Monday, Jan. 26, 2009 (Health Day News) Almost half of the tested samples of commercial high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) contained mercury. -Mercury is toxic in all of its forms. HFCS is the first or second highest labeled ingredient, according to two new U.S. studies. On the average, Americans consume about 12 teaspoons per day of HFCS, but teens and other high consumers can take 80 percent more HFCS than average. Dr. Rick Woodward

38. High Fructose Corn Syrup Consumption Dr. Rick Woodward

39. What’s in our environment? Dr. Rick Woodward

40. What’s in our water? Dr. Rick Woodward

41. The Green House Effect & Our Environment: Disruption of Ecosystems Dr. Rick Woodward

42. Global warming affects ecosystems and food chains Dr. Rick Woodward

43. Greenhouse Gas Emitters Dr. Rick Woodward

44. Dr. Rick Woodward

45. Next time: A. Video: The Future of Food -Discusses genetically modified food and its potential impact on Food Webs & Food Chains B. Test next Tuesday/Wednesday Dr. Rick Woodward

46. Dr. Arpad Pusztai A. Worked with genetically modified potatoes. Dr. Rick Woodward