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High Risk Juvenile Males

High Risk Juvenile Males. Aaron Swift Counselling Psychologist Irish Prison Service. Current Position in Ireland. Most Juveniles Held in Detention Centres under the Youth Justice Board. 16-18 Year Olds Held in Prison System in a 16-21 year old facility Plans to integrate

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High Risk Juvenile Males

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  1. High Risk Juvenile Males Aaron Swift Counselling Psychologist Irish Prison Service

  2. Current Position in Ireland • Most Juveniles Held in Detention Centres under the Youth Justice Board. • 16-18 Year Olds Held in Prison System in a 16-21 year old facility • Plans to integrate • Development of Systems

  3. Prison Population In Ireland • Total In Custody 3700 • Total Under 21 450 • Total 16 - 18 65 • St Patrick’s Total Population 217 • 16-18 Sentences Range 1 Month-Life

  4. Developmental Pathways for High Risk Juvenile Offenders Risk Measurement Successful Intervention Characteristics of Incarcerated Youth Implications for Intervention Overview

  5. Juvenile Context • Some Anti Social Behaviour Normal • Small Percentage of Significant Offenders • 50% of Traced Crime committed by under 21 • 20% Sexual Assaults against Adults • 30-50% Sexual Assaults Against Children

  6. Sutton, Utting and Farrington 2006 15% of 5 Year Olds in the UK demonstrate defiant and oppositional behaviour. Every 3 years 20% leave this category and 10% join it.

  7. Sutton, Utting and Farrington 2006 • Almost all anti social adults were anti social children • Most anti social children do not go on to be antisocial adults

  8. Sutton, Utting and Farrington 2006 Pregnancy • Neglected Neighbourhood, Low Income, Poor Housing • Stress in Pregnancy, Teenage Pregnancy, Smoking

  9. Sutton, Utting and Farrington 2006 0-2 Years • Socio Economic Stress • Postnatal Depression, Harsh Parenting Style, Rejection, Hitting/Frequent Smacking, Low Level of Stimulation

  10. Sutton, Utting and Farrington 2006 • 3-8 • Low Achievement in Primary School, Behaviour Problems/Bullying, School Disorganisation

  11. Sutton, Utting and Farrington 2006 • 9-13 • Low Informal Social Control • Truancy • Having a convicted Parent at age 10

  12. Risk Responsivity

  13. Risk Tools • Are Juvenile Specific • Based on Sound Evidence • Indicates Risk • Targets Treatment/Intervention

  14. Risk Structure Historical/Static Factors • What We Can’t Change • Good Predictors of Risk Dynamic Factors • What we Can Change • Predictors of Risk • Intervention Targets

  15. Structured Assessment of the Risk of Violence in Youth (SAVRY) • Risk of Violence in Juveniles over 12 years old • Assess Risk under 4 Headings • Historical Factors • Social/Contextual Risk Factors • Individual Risk Factors/Clinical Risk Factors • Protective Factors

  16. SAVRY (Bartel, Borum, & Forth 2000) Historical Factors • History of Violence • History of Non-Violent Offending • Early Initiation of Violence • Past Supervision Failures • History of Self Harm or Suicide Attempts • Exposure to Violence in the Home • Childhood History of Maltreatment • Parental/Caregiver Criminality • Poor School Achievement

  17. SAVRY (Bartel, Borum, & Forth 2000) Social/Contextual Risk Factors • Peer Delinquency • Peer Rejection • Stress and Poor Coping • Poor Parental Management • Lack of Personal/Social Support • Community Disorganisation

  18. SAVRY (Bartel, Borum, & Forth 2000) Individual Risk Factors/Clinical Risk Factors • Negative Attitudes • Risk Taking/Impulsivity • Substance-use Difficulties • Anger Management Problems • Psychopathic Traits • Attention deficit/hyperactivity difficulties • Poor Compliance • Low Interest/Commitment to School

  19. SAVRY (Bartel, Borum, & Forth 2000) Protective Factors • Prosocial Involvement • Strong Social Support • Strong Attachment and Bonds • Positive Attitude Toward Intervention and Authority • Strong Commitment to School • Resilient Personality Traits

  20. What Works? Addressing Offending Behaviour: What works • Influencing behaviour through relationships. • Positive role models (honest, open, reliable)

  21. What Works • Programs that: • Develop Skills – employment, relationships, recreation etc. • Address thoughts, feelings, and behaviour.

  22. Dowden and Andrews 1999 • conducted a meta analysis of 229 tests of effectiveness of juvenile offender intervention studies.

  23. Dowden and Andrews 1999 • What are Effect Sizes • If Baseline Recidivism = 55% a Effect Size of +10 means a recidivism rate of 45% for target group. -10 Effect Size would equal 65%

  24. Effect Sizes varied between -.43 to +.83 • Criminal Justice Sanctions Alone -.2 • Human Service Programs Overall +.13

  25. Criminogenic Needs

  26. Non Crimnogenic Needs

  27. Mental Health • Hayes and O’Rielly 2006 • 83% Have a Significant Mental Health Issue. • 16.5% in General Population • 60% in Mental Health Population

  28. Hayes and O’Rielly 2006 • 20% Separation Anxiety Disorder • 17.2% Motor / Transient Tic Disorder • 10.2% Generalised Anxiety Disorder • 6.7% Social Phobia • 6.9% Major Depression • 7.1% mania / hypomania (Bipolar Disorder)

  29. Mental Health • Suicidality • Currently experiencing thoughts of suicide 18.5% • Past Suicide Attempt 18.5% Hayes and O’Rielly 2006

  30. Developmental Issues Childhood and Adolescence is a Period Of Development. Cognitive Ability, Interpersonal Skills, Physical, Sexual, Role, Emotions, etc All Development is Based on Previous Development.

  31. Developmental Issues • Developing Abilities are not always even. E.g. High I.Q. Does not Equal High Social Ability

  32. Developmental Issues • Incarceration Potential for Positive and Negative. +. Appropriate Adult Role Models, Education, Improved Diet, Structure, Professional Intervention. -. Bullying, Self Harm, Drugs, Criminal Culture, Labelling, Loss of Family, Artificial Environment.

  33. Developmental Issues • Empathy= Emotional Awareness, Abstract Reasoning, Perspective Taking. • Anger Control= Emotional Awareness, Complex Interpersonal Skills, Problem Solving, Self Control.

  34. Intervention

  35. Working in Smaller Jurisdictions • Intervention for Sexualised Offending • 10 Individuals • Varying Intellectual Functioning • Varying Risk • Differing Levels of Motivation • 16-20 • Mental Health Issues • Some Co Accused • Group ?

  36. Summary Juvenile Offender Vary in Risk Crimnogenic Factors are Predictors of Risk Targeting Criminogenic Factors Produces Best Effect Sizes Assessment Should Inform Intervention Intervention Must Take Account of Developmental Level and Mental Health Needs

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