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The Circulatory System:

The Circulatory System:. Blood. 3 Functions of Blood. 1. Transport transports CO 2 & O 2 Nutrients metabolic waste (urea & lactic acid) hormones enzymes plasma proteins. 3 Functions of Blood. 2. Regulation body temperature pH in body tissues fluid & electrolyte balance.

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The Circulatory System:

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  1. The Circulatory System: Blood

  2. 3 Functions of Blood 1. Transport • transports CO2 & O2 • Nutrients • metabolic waste (urea & lactic acid) • hormones • enzymes • plasma proteins

  3. 3 Functions of Blood 2. Regulation • body temperature • pH in body tissues • fluid & electrolyte balance

  4. 3 Functions of Blood 3. Protection • prevents excessive bleeding • antibodies detect foreign material • prevents infection (WBC)

  5. Composition of Blood • Blood – made of plasma and formed elements • 8% of body wgt • pH = 7.4 • 5x more viscous than water

  6. Blood Composition Separated by Centrifugation Hematocrit

  7. Blood Plasma plasma → nonliving fluid part; straw-colored • 90% water; plasma proteins (8%) • Albumin –shuttles molecules through blood; buffer; helps maintain plasma’s osmotic pressure • Fibrogen – helps repair damaged tissue • Dissolvedsolutes (nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, ions, proteins, etc.) (2%) • 55% of blood volume

  8. Blood Plasma

  9. Formed Elements in Blood Formed elements → living blood cells -45% of blood -platelets (thrombocytes) → clotting -red blood cells (RBC; erythrocytes) →carry oxygen; -white blood cells (WBC; leukocytes) →fight infection

  10. Blood cell formation • Hematopoiesis (aka hemopoiesis) • Occurs in: • Red bone marrow stem cells • Vertebrate, ribs, hips, sternum, skull • Lymph tissue in nodes, tonsils, spleen & thymus make small amounts

  11. Erythrocytes (RBCs) • Plasma membrane; anucleate • Hemoglobin- protein that transports oxygen/CO2 • Erythropoiesis • EPO • Hemolysis – 120 days • Phagocytocis

  12. Erythrocytes (RBCs)

  13. Excessive RBC • polycythemia – abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases blood viscosity • Blood thickens, flows sluggishly

  14. Leukocytes (WBCs) • Complete cells (nuclei & organelles) 5 Types of WBC: Granulocytes – contain granules Types– neutrophils, basophils, & eosinophils 2. Agranulocytes – lack granules Types– lymphocytes and monocytes

  15. Leukocytes (WBCs)

  16. Platelets (Thrombocytes) • Essential for clotting; occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured or injured • Form plug that helps seal break when they stick to damaged site • Megakaryocytes in bone marrow • Thrombopoietin

  17. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  18. Coagulation (blood clotting) • Hemostasis • Procoagulants (clotting factors) – enhance clot formation • Anticoagulants – factors that inhibit clotting; heparin

  19. Hemostasis 4 phases: • Constrict blood vessel; reduce blood loss • Platelet plug hole & attract more platelets • Platelet plug injury and coagulate; thrombin and fibrogen form fibrin mesh - traps blood cells, seals hole until blood vessel can be fully repaired 3. Blood clot formation and retraction

  20. Coagulation (blood clotting)

  21. Blood Type • antigen –chemical that stimulates cells to produce antibodies • antibody –protein immune system produces in presence of nonself antigen; reacts with antigen • antibodies made limit receiving blood from certain types • Rh factor: + or - Rh – exposure forms antibodies to it

  22. Blood TypeAntigenAntibody A A anti-B B B anti-A AB A and B *neither anti-A nor anti-B O **neither Both anti-A A nor B and anti-B *AB is universal recipient **O is universal donor

  23. RBC Disorders • anemia – blood has extremely low oxygen-carrying capacity due to low number of RBCs, low hemoglobin content, or abnormal hemoglobin

  24. Leukocyte Disorders • leukemia – (“white blood”) = rapid, uncontrolled production of clones of cancerous leukocyte; impairs normal bone marrow function Named after: • Abnormal cell type involved (i.e. lymphocytic leukemia = lymphocytes) • Speed it advances: acute – quickly advances (blast-type cells) chronic – slowly advances (later cell stages)

  25. Leukocyte Disorders • Infectious mononucleosis – Epstein-Barr virus; makes excessive atypical agranulocytes • No cure; with rest, virus runs its course and recovers in a few weeks

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