Accounting: Information for Decision-Making and Basic Financial Statements

1. Accounting: Information for Decision-Making and Basic Financial Statements STUDY OBJECTIVES After studying these chapters, you should understand:

2. STUDY OBJECTIVE 1 WHAT IS ACCOUNTING? Accounting is an information system that identifies, records, and communicates the economic events (transactions) of an organization to interested users.

3. Accounting Reports SOFTBYTE Annual Report THE ACCOUNTING PROCESS Communication Identification Recording Prepare accounting reports Select economic events (transactions) Record, classify and summarize Analyze and interpret for users

4. STUDY OBJECTIVE 2 USERS AND USES OF ACCOUNTING Internal Users Investors Creditors Tax authorities Regulatory agencies Customers Labor unions Marketing managers Production supervisors Finance directors Company officers External Users

5. QUESTIONS ASKED BY INTERNAL USERS What is the cost of manufacturing each unit of product? Is cash sufficient to pay bills? Can we afford to give employee pay raises this year? Which product line is the most profitable?

6. How does the company compare in size and profitability with its competitors? Is the company earning satisfactory income? What do we do if they catch us? Will the company be able to pay its debts as they come due? QUESTIONS ASKED BY INTERNAL USERS

7. STUDY OBJECTIVE 3 ETHICS: A FUNDAMENTAL BUSINESS CONCEPT ETHICS: A set of standards by which one’s actions are deemed right or wrong, honest or dishonest.

8. STUDY OBJECTIVE 3ETHICS: A FUNDAMENTAL BUSINESS CONCEPT • Steps for solving an ethical dilemma: • Recognize an ethical situation and the issues involved. • Identify the principal elements of the situation • Identify alternatives: weigh the impact on stakeholders

9. STUDY OBJECTIVE 4 GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) What is GAAP? A set of standards generally accepted and universally practiced by accountants Indicates how economic events are reported Generated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)

10. STUDY OBJECTIVE 5 BASIC ACCOUNTING ASSUMPTIONS MONETARY UNIT ASSUMPTION Only transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money is included in the accounting records. The unit of measure (the dollar in the USA) is assumed to remain constant in value • ECONOMIC ENTITY • ASSUMPTION • An economic entity • includes any organization • or unit in society. • All activities of an • entity are kept separate • from the activities • of its owners and • other economic entities.

11. BUSINESS ENTERPRISES • A business owned by one person is generally a proprietorship. • A business owned by two or more persons associated as partners is a partnership. • A business organized as a separate legal entity under state corporation law and having ownership divided into transferable shares of stock is a corporation.

12. STUDY OBJECTIVE 6 THE BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION Assets Liabilities Stockholders’ Equity = + resources owned by a business claims against those assets owners’ residual claim on total assets

13. REVIEW QUESTION THE BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION As of December 31, 2006, Tetrick Company has assets of $3,500 and stockholders’ equity of $2,000. What are the liabilities for Tetrick Company as of December 31, 2006? Answer: $1,500 Assets – Liabilities = Stockholders’ Equity $3,500 = Liabilities + $2,000 Liabilities = $1,500

14. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY • Stockholders’ equityis equal to total assets minus total liabilities. It is also referred to as residual equity.There are two general categories of stockholders’ equity: PAID-IN CAPITAL and RETAINED EARNINGS

15. PAID-IN CAPITAL • Paid in Capitalrepresents the total amount invested by stockholders in a corporation. • Stockholders invest cash or other assets in exchange for common or preferred stock.

16. RETAINED EARNINGS • Retained earnings represents cumulative profits (or losses) retained in the business over time. • Three items make up the balance in retained earnings: REVENUES EXPENSES DIVIDENDS

17. REVENUES • Revenuesare the gross increases in stockholders’ equity from engaging in business activities entered into for the purpose of earning income. • Revenues result from sales of merchandise, performance of services, rental of property, or lending of money.

18. EXPENSES • Expenses are the decreases in stockholders’ equity that result from operating the business. • They are the cost of assets consumed or services used in the process of earning revenue. • Examples are: utility expense, rent expense, supplies expense, tax expense, insurance expense, depreciation expense.

19. DIVIDENDS • When a company is successful, it generates Net Income. • Dividends: the distribution of cash or other assets to stockholders that are available as a result of Net Income. • Dividends are NOT considered an expense of the corporation.

20. INCREASES & DECREASES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Increases Decreases Investments by stockholders Dividends to stockholders Stockholders’ Equity Revenues Expenses

21. REVIEW QUESTION STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Rebecca Sherrick, Inc., had a stockholders’ equity balance of $164,000 at the beginning of the period. At the end of the period, the stockholders’ equity balance was $198,000. Assuming no additional investment or distributions During the period, what is the net income for the period?

22. STUDY OBJECTIVE 7 HOW BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS AFFECT THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION • Every transaction must have a dual effect on the accounting equation. Thus, if an asset is increased, there must be a corresponding: • Decrease in another asset, or • Increase in a liability, or • Increase in stockholders’ equity

23. Don’t Record Record Record TRANSACTION IDENTIFICATION PROCESS Is the financial position (assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity) of the company changed? Purchase computer Answer telephone Pay rent Yes No Yes

24. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS TRANSACTION 1 Ray and Barbara Nealopen Softbyte, Inc., a programming company by investing $15,000 in exchange for common stock. +15000 +15000 There is an increase in the asset cash, $15,000, and an equal increase in the equity common stock.

25. TRANSACTION ANALYSISTRANSACTION 2 Softbyte purchases computer equipment for $7,000 cash Cash is decreased $7,000, and the asset Equipment is increased $7,000. After transaction #2, total assets =total liabilities + equity.

26. TRANSACTION ANALYSISTRANSACTION 3 Softbyte purchases for $1,600 of supplies from Acme Supply. The supplies will last several months. Softbyte will pay the bill next month. The asset Supplies is increased $1,600, and the liability Accounts Payable is increased by the same amount.

27. Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders Equity Accounts Common Cash + Supplies + Equipment = Payable + Stock Old Bal. $8,000 $1,600 $7,000 $1,600 $15,000 New Bal. $9,200 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,600 + $16,200 $17,800 $17,800 TRANSACTION ANALYSISTRANSACTION 4 Softbyte receives $1,200 cash from customers, for providing programming services. (4) +1,200 +1,200 Retained Earnings Cash is increased $1,200, and retained earnings is increased $1,200. (Retained earnings is indirectly increased because revenue is increased).

28. STUDY OBJECTIVE 8 BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS After all transactions for the period are recorded, financial data is summarized and that summary data is used to generate the basic financial statements Balance Sheet Statement of Cash Flows Income Statement Statement of Retained Earnings

29. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2,750 Net income of $2,750 will be added to retained earnings.

30. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Dividends of $1,300 is deducted from retained earnings. The net change in retained earnings for the period is $1,450.

31. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Cash of $8,050 will be shown in the statement of cash flows.

32. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS $ 8,050 Cash of $8,050 on the balance sheet and statement of cash flows is shown as the final total of the cash column of the Summary of Transactions.