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Zika Virus Basics

Zika Virus Basics. Bureau of Workers’ Compensation PA Training for Health & Safety (PATHS). Zika Virus Basics. Bureau of Workers’ Compensation PA Training for Health & Safety (PATHS). Common Name: Asian tiger mosquito

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Zika Virus Basics

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  1. Zika Virus Basics Bureau of Workers’ Compensation PA Training for Health & Safety (PATHS) PPT-146-01

  2. Zika Virus Basics Bureau of Workers’ Compensation PA Training for Health & Safety (PATHS) Common Name: Asian tiger mosquito Scientific name: Aedes albopictus (Skuse) Aedes species mosquitoes are a principal carrier of Zika virus in the U.S PPT-146-01

  3. History 1947: isolated from monkeys in Zika Forest, Uganda 1952: identified in humans in Uganda 1985: First documented in the United States in Texas 1986: Asian tiger mosquito found in Florida PPT-146-01

  4. History 2007: not considered a problem until first major outbreaks in S. Pacific islands 2014: tourists believed to take to Easter Island 2015: cases in Americas and Caribbean PPT-146-01

  5. Aedes albopictus Carrier of many viruses; dengue fever and Eastern equine encephalitis virus Life cycle is closely associated with human habitat Breeds in containers with standing water PPT-146-01

  6. Aedes albopictus A daytime feeder found in shady areas where it rests in shrubs near the ground Aedes albopictus feeding peaks in the early morning and late afternoon and evening; it is an opportunistic and aggressive biter with a wide host range including man, domestic and wild animals PPT-146-01

  7. Distribution This species was first documented in Texas in 1985 Since 1986 this species has spread rapidly throughout eastern states, plus all of Florida's 67 counties Currently established in 866 counties in 26 states Subtropical, with a temperate distribution in North America, and in the United States has expanded rapidly over the past few years PPT-146-01

  8. Active Zika Areas Outbreaks prior to 2015: Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. May 2015, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) issued an alert regarding the first confirmed Zika virus infections in Brazil. Currently, outbreaks are occurring in many countries and territories. Zika virus will continue to spread; difficult to determine how and where PPT-146-01

  9. Active Zika Areas US Territories Local mosquito-borne transmission of Zika virus has been reported in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and American Samoa. US States Several cases have been reported in US states and there have been travel-associated cases. Cases among travelers visiting or returning to the United States will likely increase. These imported cases could result in local spread of the virus in some areas of the United States. PPT-146-01

  10. Monitoring OSHA and NIOSH monitor the Zika virus outbreak spreading through Central and South America, Mexico, and parts of the Caribbean, including U.S. territories. PPT-146-01

  11. Active Aedes Areas Map shows presence of Aedes aegypti (left) and Aedes albopictus (right) PPT-146-01

  12. PA Locations PA has a Health Plan to track and take action against Zika situations 17 cases since January 2016 but related to travelers outside US A PA outbreak is thought to be slim but every PA county will be monitored. More intense monitoring will occur in Allegheny and 15 other southern-tier counties PPT-146-01

  13. Recognition Adult Aedes albopictusmosquito is bold black shiny scales and distinct silver white scales on the palpus and tarsi. Back is black with a distinguishing white stripe down the center. Medium-sized about 2.0 to 10.0 mm Males often 20% smaller than females. PPT-146-01

  14. Life Cycle Aedes albopictus Egg stage in temperate climates but active throughout the year in tropical and subtropical habitats. Eggs laid singly on the sides of water-holding containers black and oval 0.5 mm long. Withstand desiccation up to one year. PPT-146-01

  15. Life Cycle Larval emergence after rainfall raises the water level in the containers Eggs may require several submersions before hatching Low O2 tension stimulates hatching Development is temperature dependent Larvae usually pupate after 5 to 10 days and the pupal stage lasts 2 days PPT-146-01

  16. Medical Significance Aedes albopictus: a carrier of more than 30 viruses with only a few known to affect humans: Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Cache Valley virus, Dengue, St. Louis and LaCrosse encephalitis viruses Brazil found increase in Guillain-Barre syndrome with babies born with small heads (microcephaly) PPT-146-01

  17. Management Mosquito management includes: Source reduction Removal of breeding habitat PPT-146-01

  18. Tips to Prevent Breeding Empty buckets, cans and other receptacles to prevent water from collecting Cover wading pools, drain water from pool covers PPT-146-01

  19. Tips to Prevent Breeding Clean and chlorinate swimming pools, outdoor saunas and hot tubs Keep empty and covered when not in use Keep roof gutters clear and draining properly PPT-146-01

  20. Tips to Prevent Breeding Remove standing water from lawn and property NOTE: Mosquitoes breed in standing water! PPT-146-01

  21. Infection in Humans About 1 in 5 infected people develops symptoms of Zika usually within 2-7 days of being bitten. Symptoms are mild and can last 2-7 days. Most common: Fever Rash Joint pain and red or pink eyes Myalgia-muscle pain and Headache PPT-146-01

  22. Spread of Infection Mosquito bites an infected person, then the infected mosquito bites a person and spreads the virus. Potential to spread anywhere mosquitoes are capable of spreading the Zika virus. PPT-146-01

  23. First Week of Infection Zika can be detected in blood and can be transmitted from an infected person to a mosquito Mosquito can then spread by biting others Also spread from exposure with infected blood and other body fluids such as semen As of February 1, 2016, no confirmed blood transfusion transmission cases in US. PPT-146-01

  24. Pregnancy Concerns The spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus and linked to: Absent or poorly develop brain structures Eye defects Hearing deficits Impaired growth PPT-146-01

  25. Treatment (WHO) Zika virus disease is usually relatively mild and requires no specific treatment. People sick with Zika virus should get plenty of rest, drink enough fluids, and treat pain and fever with common medicines. If symptoms worsen, they should seek medical care and advice. There is currently no vaccine available. As yet no vaccine but Mayo Clinic’s Vaccine Research Group will begin to develop one working with the Butatan Institute in Brazil. PPT-146-01

  26. Those At Risk Outdoor workers, lab techs working with virus Those working with insecticides in mosquito-prone areas Healthcare workers dealing with infected blood Insecticide applicators PPT-146-01

  27. Precautions Take cover! Wear shoes Long pants Long-sleeve shirt PPT-146-01

  28. Prevention Tips Make sure window screens fit tightly and are in good repair Monitor the news for current insect conditions PPT-146-01

  29. Insect Repellants Use repellents withEPA-registered active ingredient. Generally, the higher concentration the longer it will protect against mosquito bites. Example, the more DEET, the longer time it can protect. Protection times ranging from 1 hour (4.75% DEET) to 5 hours (23.8% DEET). Aedes albopictus has insecticide tolerance to malathion, temephos and bediocarb. PPT-146-01

  30. Insect Repellants Repellents should contain DEET IR3535 Picaridin (KBR 3023) Oil of lemon eucalyptus Permethrin (clothing and gear) Product label instructions should be strictly followed Special attention to young children, the sick or elderly PPT-146-01

  31. Insect Repellants PPT-146-01

  32. Insect Repellants To avoid reaction to DEET (or other ingredients in insect repellents), Read and follow the directions. Spray repellent (permethrin) on outside of clothing. Do NOT spray: On skin that is under clothing. To skin that is already irritated, or to cuts/lacerations. PPT-146-01

  33. Prevention Tips Precautions when using repellents: Apply only to exposed skin and/or clothing, do not apply under clothing Never use over cuts, wounds, or irritated skin Do not apply to eyes or mouth (spray on hands first, then apply to face) When using on children, apply to your own hands first, then put on child (do not apply on children’s hands) After returning indoors, wash treated skin with soap and water or bathe; wash treated clothing before wearing it again If rash/bad reaction from repellent: wash repellent off with soap and water, take repellent with you to a health care provider (HCP) PPT-146-01

  34. Insecticide Precautions Do not: Use Aerosol or pump products in enclosed areas. Apply directly on the face. First spray it on hands and then carefully spread it on the face Allow insect repellent to contact eyes or mouth Wash before eating Reapply repellent when returning outdoors PPT-146-01

  35. Added Precautions May require additional PPE. Employers must comply with universal precautions for potential bloodborne pathogens (BBP) exposures, as described in OSHA's BBP standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) And any applicable requirements in OSHA's PPE standards (29 CFR 1910 Subpart I), among other OSHA requirements. PPT-146-01

  36. Employer Actions Inform and train workers about their risks Provide insect repellents Provide workers with PPE Warm weather: wear lightweight, loose clothing. Provide water, rest, and shade, and monitor workers for signs and symptoms of heat illness. Remove standing water If requested by a worker, consider reassigning to indoor tasks to reduce their exposure PPT-146-01

  37. Worker Actions Use insect repellents properly Wear PPE Drink plenty of water, take rest breaks in shaded areas, and watch for signs and symptoms of heat illness, including in coworkers. Remove standing water Talk to your supervisor(s) about any outdoor work assignment If symptoms develop, seek medical attention promptly. PPT-146-01

  38. Outdoor Workers Repellents, may be used with sunscreen with no reduction in repellent activity. Stop using both if a rash or other adverse symptoms develop. Wash skin with soap and water. Consult a healthcare provider or poison control center for further guidance. Inform of repellent used (e.g., type, when and where applied). PPT-146-01

  39. Lab Workers Practice infection control and universal precautions Seek guidance from 29 CFR 1910.1030 (BBP Standard) Hand hygiene with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rubs with at least 60% alcohol Respirators may be required in some instances (29 CFR 1910.134) PPT-146-01

  40. Lab Workers Follow exposure control plans Use engineering controls and work practices to prevent exposure to blood and infectious materials. See 29 CFR 1910.1030. Properly dispose of these items in closable, puncture-resistant, leak-proof, and labeled or color-coded containers. See 29 CFR 1910.1030. PPT-146-01

  41. Lab Workers Properly dispose of sharps with engineered sharps injury protection Report all needle sticks, lacerations, and other exposure to supervisors ASAP PPT-146-01

  42. Mosquito Control Workers Working with dense mosquito populations, ponds and standing water, may need enhanced skin protection. Employers: assess risks and consider providing any additional protective clothing to fully cover workers' exposed skin. Insecticide Applicators may need additional protection against hazardous chemicals. PPT-146-01

  43. Those Infected Rest and fluids Take medicine, i.e. acetaminophen, to reduce fever and pain. Talk to a healthcare provider before taking any medications Avoid mosquito bites during the first week of infection. Wear covering clothing Prevent sexual transmission; abstain or use condoms during and following infection. PPT-146-01

  44. Employer Actions Inform staff of Zika symptoms To seek medical evaluation if they develop Zika symptoms Assure that workers receive prompt and appropriate medical evaluation and follow-up after a suspected exposure to Zika virus. If the exposure falls under OSHA's BBP standard, must comply with 29 CFR 1910.1030(f). Consider options for granting sick leave during the infectious period. PPT-146-01

  45. Travelers At Risk Travelers to Zika Areas Airline crew members Cruise line workers Pregnant women, women who may become pregnant, and men with sexual partners who are or may become pregnant Take appropriate protective actions Consider delaying or eliminating travel PPT-146-01

  46. Summary Identify mosquitoes carrying Zika Virus Determine locations prevalent to Zika carriers Take needed precautions against exposure Recognize the symptoms of exposure and take proper medical actions PPT-146-01

  47. Questions PPT-146-01

  48. Contact Information Health & Safety Training Specialists 1171 South Cameron Street, Room 324 Harrisburg, PA 17104-2501 (717) 772-1635 RA-LI-BWC-PATHS@pa.gov PPT-146-01

  49. Bibliography entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/asian_tiger.htm https://www.osha.gov/zika/index.html http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/index.html USAMRIID’s Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702 PPT-146-01

  50. Bibliography http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/zika/en/ http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/question-answers.html https://www.osha.gov/zika/index.htmlhttps://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3855.pdf PPT-146-01

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