The Rise of Nationalism

Please pick up Class Notes #14 and remember to sit in your new seat. Take out Class Notes #13 from last class. Take the first five minutes of class to complete the warm-up at the start of class notes #14 on your own. We will: *explain how Thomas Jefferson brought about a “revolution” in American politics and helped to expand the nation *introduce the second quarter exhibit *analyze how the War of 1812 and the “Era of Good Feelings” contributed to risingnationalism The Rise of Nationalism

Warm-up: Federalists vs. Republicans Position/Description: Favored full repayment and central management of both national and state debts Sought to locate the national capital in the South Distrustful of the French and the French Revolution Considered states’ rights as necessary to check and limit federal power Supported creation of the First Bank of the U.S. Favored excise taxes and protective tariffs to raise federal revenue and protect American industry Opposed the Alien & Sedition Acts as an assault upon First Amendment rights Loosely interpreted the Constitution as giving extensive powers to the national government Received extensive support in the South and rural areas Federalist or Republican? yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Election of 1800 • The “rematch” presidential election campaign between Adams and Jefferson was one of the most contentious in America political history. • With your partner, take 10 minutes to examine the source assigned to you (either “A Providential Detection” or “Jefferson and Liberty”) and complete the accompanying questions. Be prepared to discuss your source with the class.

“The Providential Detection” Close Reading Who is the man represented in the image? How do you know? What symbols or words stand out in the image? What do they represent? What is the overall tone or message of the image? Sourcing Who would you guess created this image? Is the source reliable? Contextualizing Why did the author create this image? Who was the intended audience? http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/images/vc136.jpg

The Mazzei Letter:Why would the words below have been troubling to Federalists? Monticello April 24, 1796 My Dear Friend, …The aspect of our politics has wonderfully changed since you left us. In place of that noble love of liberty and republican government which carried us triumphantly thro' the war, an Anglican, monarchical and aristocratical party has sprung up, whose avowed object is to draw over us the substance as they have already done the forms of the British government. The main body of our citizens however remain true to their republican principles, the whole landed interest is with them, and so is a great mass of talents... Thomas Jefferson http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/mazzei/transcription.html

“Jefferson and Liberty”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-h19sNJy_0 “The gloomy night before us lies, The reign of terror now is o'er; Its gags, inquisitors and spies, Its hordes of harpies are no more.” Chorus: “Rejoice, Columbia's sons, rejoice! To tyrants never bend the knee; But join with heart, and soul and voice For Jefferson and Liberty!”… • http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/song-midis/Jefferson_and_Liberty.htm Close Reading What words or phrases stand out in the song lyrics? What is the overall tone or message of the song? Sourcing Who would you guess created this song? Contextualizing Why was the song created? Who was the intended audience?

Election of 1800 Results John Adams, 2nd U.S. President (1797-1801) Thomas Jefferson , 3rd U.S. President (1801-1809) and 2nd U.S. Vice-President (1797-1801) Aaron Burr, 3rd U.S. Vice-President (1801-1805) Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Vice Presidential Candidate (1800)

The “Revolution” of 1800 • Republicans won both the presidency and control of Congress from Federalists – first peaceful transition of national power in our history • Support came from the South and West but Republicans also won New York’s electoral votes • Jefferson and Aaron Burr of New York (his presumed running mate for Vice-President) tied in electoral votes and it took a vote of the House of Representatives to break the tie in favor of TJ • Led to ratification of the 12th Amendment by 1804, which divided elector votes between presidential and vice-presidential candidates

Jefferson’s Presidency • Jefferson served two terms (1801-1809) and worked to heal the political divisions of the country – what tone did he set in his first inaugural address? • http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?keyindex=121742&chapterskeyindex=402485&keyconceptskeyindex=-1&sceneclipskeyindex=-1&location=local • As president, he: • Reduced the size of the federal government • Pardoned those sentenced under the Sedition Act • Cut the size of the military • Paid down America’s debt • Took a moderate course (not the radical that some Federalists thought he would be)

The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 Despite his views on limited executive power, Jefferson sent envoys to Paris to negotiate purchase of New Orleans – fearing that any nation that controlled the port controlled America’s destiny Napoleon of France offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory (recently acquired from Spain) for ready cash ($15 million) to help fund his plans for conquest of Europe Jefferson realized that the deal was too good to pass up (despite his strict interpretation of the Constitution) Result: U.S. doubled in size and Lewis & Clark went west in 1804-06 and made first U.S. claim to Oregon Country

American Expansion to 1803 http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?keyindex=121742&chapterskeyindex=402485&keyconceptskeyindex=-1&sceneclipskeyindex=-1&location=local

Nationalism on the Rise: “The Virginia Dynasty” Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 Greatest Event: Louisiana Purchase (1803) Following Jefferson’s victory over John Adams in the “Revolution” of 1800, three Virginians served as president and helped to shape the new nation for a quarter century (1801-1825) All three were Democratic-Republicans, slave owners, and lawyers. They were also good friends who lived within a day’s journey of each other in central Virginia. James Madison 1809-1817 Greatest Event: War of 1812 (1812-15) James Monroe 1817-1825 Greatest Event: Monroe Doctrine (1823)

American Neutrality Under Threat • With the start of the Napoleonic Wars in 1805, British and French naval vessels resumed impressment of American sailors and seizure of cargoes bound for enemy ports • Jefferson’s response was the ill-advised Embargo Act (1807) that halted all trade with foreign nations in the expectation that Britain and France would be compelled to desist and agree to negotiate with the U.S. (they didn’t and New England suffered an economic depression, angering the Federalist opposition) • James Madison (Jefferson’s hand-picked successor) signed Macon’s Bill #2 (1810) stating that, if either Britain or France agreed to respect American rights, the U.S. would cut off trade with the other country • France agreed and the U.S. cut off trade with Britain in 1811, resulting in a British blockade of U.S. ports

The War Hawks • Meanwhile, back on the trans-Appalachian frontier, Native Americans (led by such tribes as the Shawnee and Creek), resisted westward settlement by American pioneers • Britain supplied the Shawnee leader, Tecumseh, with money and weapons • Newly-elected “War Hawks” in Congress, such as Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, called for an invasion of Canada to break the back of the British-Native American alliance • Congress declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812; Madison called up the army

The War of 1812 (1813, 1814, & 1815)http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?keyindex=121612&location=005849&chapterskeyindex=401463&filetypeid=7 “Mr. Madison’s War” (as the Federalists called it) was a comedy of errors that almost resulted in defeat: 1. Attempted invasions of Canada failed miserably 2. Tecumseh wreaked havoc on the Northwest frontier, until defeated by General Harrison in late 1813 3. British expeditionary force occupied Washington and burned the White House and the Capitol (1814) Bright Spots (we won! - a nearly-fatal military draw): • “The Star-Spangled Banner” (F. Scott Key) • Andrew Jackson’s defeat of the Creek and his victory over the British at New Orleans after the war formally ended (January 1815) • Treaty of Ghent(1814) secured British recognition of American interests and ended the war “status quo ante” – no winner, no loser

Political Nationalism: “The Era of Good Feelings” • Nationalism increased as a result of “victory” in the War of 1812 and the downfall of the Federalists after the Hartford Convention (1814), where some radical Federalists proposed peace with Britain and secession from the Union • James Monroe won overwhelming electoral college and popular majorities in the elections of 1816 and 1820 • Effective one-party rule resulted and lasted through Monroe’s presidency (1817-1825) • Even former New England Federalists supported Monroe – his visit to New England in 1817 inspired the phrase “Era of Good Feelings”

Monroe’s Elections: 1816, 1820 Monroe won by some of the biggest electoral college totals in U.S. political history; Federalist Party did not even exist by 1820 Note the addition of five new states between 1816 and 1820; reflects the growth of the U.S.

Economic Nationalism • After the War of 1812, Americans quickly spread west, helped by a “Transportation Revolution” that encouraged the building of roads and canals to connect east and west (e.g. National Road and Erie Canal) • In 1816, Henry Clay of Kentucky pushed for passage ion Congress of the Hamiltonian “American system,” sought to encourage economic growth through: • federal support for infrastructure • protective tariffs • a new central bank (Second Bank of the United States) Henry Clay of Kentucky

Judicial Nationalism: The Marshall Court *Chief Justice John Marshall led the Supreme Court for 35 years after his 1801 appointment by President John Adams; checked the power of the Republicans *Marshall’s Federalist views helped to establish the power of the Court as an independent branch of government and asserted the power of the federal government over the states Marbury v. Madison (1803): established the Court’s power of judicial review– the ability of the Court to declare a law or action of the Congress and/or President as unconstitutional

Significant Marshall Court Cases • Other decisions of the Marshall Court supported Hamiltonian views on the economy, such as the Court’s defense of the Second Bank of the United States in McCulloch v. Maryland(1819), Marshall upheld the right of the Bank to exist (under the elastic clause) and confirmed that national law is supreme to state law (Maryland couldn’t tax the Bank’s transactions) • In Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819), Marshall ruled that the state of New Hampshire could not take over private Dartmouth College, thus supporting the rights of private corporations • In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), Marshall ruled that only Congress had the right to regulate interstate trade under the power of the commerce clause

America’s “victory” in the War of 1812 was followed by several diplomatic agreements that secured the country’s borders: *Rush-Bagot Treaty(1816): U.S./Britain demilitarize the Great Lakes *British-American Convention (1818) established the northern border at the 49th parallel *Adams-Onis Treaty (1819): with Spain, gave Florida to the U.S. and established a clear southwestern border Diplomatic Nationalism

The Monroe Doctrine • By 1823, many colonies in Latin America had won their independence from Spain and Portugal • The U.S. wanted to be sure that European powers did not interfere in the affairs of these new countries, which would make great trading partners for the U.S. • President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine to declare the Western Hemisphere “off-limits” to European powers and pledged that the U.S. would stay out of European conflicts; this policy became the cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy

The Missouri Compromise • In 1820, Missouri territory petitioned to enter the Union as a slave state; Northern political resistance to this threatened to create a North-South sectional divide • Henry Clay hammered out an agreement in Congress whereby Missouri would be permitted to enter as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state (to keep the balance between North and South in the U.S. Senate) • The Compromise deal also identified the southern border of Missouri as the dividing line between slave and free territory west of the Mississippi River (with the exception of Missouri) What is the geographic identification of the line that divides slave and free territory as a result of the compromise? How many slave and free states made up the Union after the compromise in 1821? Why was this balance so important?

Before we leave… • Remember that we will meet in the library on Friday to begin researching for the Civil War exhibit • Arrive prepared with a topic and an alternate or two that you would like to research – everyone will have their own topic • Complete Homework 7 for next Tuesday’s class

The Rise of Nationalism