Social Conflict

1. Social Conflict Consequence of being in an Interdependent Relationship - greater potential for Conflict Conditions supporting conflict 1. interdependence – at least to some degree 2. “perceive” incompatible aspirations (potential conflict) 3. one party pursues, or is perceived to pursue, aspirations incompatible with, or perceived to be incompatible with, the aspirations of the other

2. Social Conflict Potential “Outcomes” Some one ‘wins’ Compromise Integrative solution Escalation of conflict Exit/Escape Connecting strategies with outcomes

3. Social Conflict Dual Concerns Model – Model for Predicting Strategies used in Conflict Concern for other can be Genuine – intrinsic interest in other’s welfare Instrumental – advancing other benefits self

4. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Factors Affecting the Likely Outcome Aspirations Own and Others Relationship Factors Norms Operating Orientation to Conflict Faulty Attributions Interpersonal Style Cooperators – prosocial Competitors Individualists Situational Factors Constraints on solutions Communication Available

5. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Factors Affecting the Likely Outcome Aspirations Own and Others Set your position initial offer claimed alternatives Inflate past accomplishments Attempt to manipulate power

6. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Factors Affecting the Likely Outcome Norms Assumed to be Operating Communal versus Exchange Manipulating the Active Norm

7. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Factors Affecting the Likely Outcome Orientation to Conflict Win - Win Win - Lose

8. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Factors Affecting the Likely Outcome Faulty attributions – why is other behaving like this? See others as having stable qualities Misperceive motives, lack of trust

9. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Factors Affecting the Likely Outcome Interpersonal Style Cooperators – prosocial Competitors Individualists – egoistic How they vary in approach Motivations Evaluation of Outcomes Initial choices Reactions to Feedback

10. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Factors Affecting the Likely Outcome Interpersonal Style Motivations Cooperators – maximize joint outcomes Competitors – maximize differences Individualists – maximize own outcomes

11. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Factors Affecting the Likely Outcome Interpersonal Style Evaluation of Outcomes Cooperators Competitors Individualists

12. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Factors Affecting the Likely Outcome Interpersonal Style Initial Choices Cooperators choose a1 Competitors choose a2 Individualists choose a2

13. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Factors Affecting the Likely Outcome Interpersonal Style Reactions to Feedback – Other’s Choices Cooperators – persist with cooperation until clear other won’t Competitors – persist with competition sees no other option believes others are competitors Individualists – will be most flexible

14. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Factors Affecting the Likely Outcome Situational Factors Actual Constraints on Solutions Communication Available

15. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Overcoming Stalemates – when some solution seems better than none Time out to step back Third party assistance Mediator Arbitrator

16. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Social Traps – conflicts involving ‘investments’ Conflicts Involving Individual vs. Group Interests Common’s Dilemma Public Goods Dilemma

17. Social Conflict Negotiating the Conflict Conflicts Involving Individual vs. Group Interests Four I’s for Overcoming Dilemma (Van Vugt, 2009)

18. Social Influence Behavior Change due to the “behaviors” of others Forms of Social Influence to be Examined Mere Presence of Others – people as context Observation of Other’s Behaviors Social Pressure from Others Implicit pressure Explicit Pressure

19. Social Influence Behavior Change due to the “behaviors” of others Social Power – the Source of Influence Personal Powers Informational – possess or perceived to possess Expert - possess or perceived to possess Referent – based on interpersonal attraction Impersonal Power Legitimate – based on position or norms Reward – control over positive outcomes Coercive – control over punishments

20. Social Influence Behavior Change due to the “behaviors” of others Influence through Observation of Others’ Behaviors Response Facilitation Effects Inhibitory/Disinhibitory Effects Observational Learning

21. Social Influence Behavior Change due to the “behaviors” of others Influence through Observation of Others’ Behaviors Response Facilitation Effects Behavior already available to audience Behavior of Others’ cues the behavior Behavior not being considered before observation

22. Social Influence Behavior Change due to the “behaviors” of others Influence through Observation of Others’ Behaviors Inhibitory/Disinhibitory Effects Behavior already available to audience Behavior and Consequences serve as cue Behavioral consequences were perceived to be or were ambiguous

23. Social Influence Behavior Change due to the “behaviors” of others Influence through Observation of Others’ Behaviors Observational Learning Behavior not yet learned as meaningful act Behavior of other provides new information No direct reinforcement of behavior Stages in process Attention to other’s behavior Learning Retention of images or descriptions Motoric reproduction Performance Motivation to reproduce

24. Social Influence Implicit Social Pressure Conformity – a change in behavior to match others’ behaviors No explicit attempt to change behavior Internal conflict between own view and behavior of others Own View Others’ Behavior Actual Behavior Conformity Beh A Beh B Beh B Nonconformity Beh A Beh B Beh A Anti-conformity Beh A Beh B Beh C Independence Beh A Beh B Beh A conflict conflict conflict no conflict

25. Social Influence Implicit Social Pressure Forms of Conformity Informational – correct choice unclear others provide useful information new behavior (understanding) stable others not needed to maintain new view Normative – correct choice seen as clear others represent possible social rejection new behavior (understanding) unstable presence of others key to maintaining change

26. Social Influence Implicit Social Pressure Forms of Conformity Informational – Sherif Normative – Asch

27. Social Influence Implicit Social Pressure Conformity – factors related to conformity Person (Target) Task or Choice conflict Behavioral Choice Group (Others)

28. Social Influence Implicit Social Pressure Conformity Task Characteristics Ambiguity of decision Public or Private behavior

29. Social Influence Implicit Social Pressure Conformity Personal Qualities Personality differences Attitude toward group Perceived competence (Power)

30. Social Influence Implicit Social Pressure Conformity Group Characteristics Size of the group Agreement within the group Group power

31. Social Influence Implicit Social Pressure Conformity Consequences of deviance from the group Rejection/Exclusion Minority Influence

32. Social Influence Explicit Social Pressure Compliance Compliance Principles – Cialdini Friendship (attraction) Commitment Reciprocity Authority Social Validation Scarcity

33. Social Influence Explicit Social Pressure Compliance Balancing Pro and Anti Compliance Forces Social Power – pro-compliance Reactance – anti-compliance motivation to perceive self as independent

34. Social Influence Explicit Social Pressure Compliance Establishing Power First Reciprocity Strategies Gaining Commitment Social Validation

35. Social Influence Explicit Social Pressure Compliance Mood and Compliance Guilt Motivated Compliance Mood Regulation and Compliance Embarrassment based Compliance

36. Social Influence Explicit Social Pressure Obedience – unequal status relationships Person (Target) Task or Choice conflict Behavioral Choice Authority Figure

37. Social Influence Explicit Social Pressure Obedience Milgram’s Classic Studies Immediacy of “Victim” Legitimacy of Authority Level of Responsibility

38. Social Influence Explicit Social Pressure Obedience Recent “Replications” Berger’s Limited Replication French TV

39. Social Influence Group Effects Social Facilitation Coaction Audience Effects Drive Model of Social Facilitation - Zajonc

40. Drive Model of Social Facilitation Zajonc Integrates findings for positive and negative effects Performance Increased Dominant Response is Correct Increased Probability of Dominant Response Presence of Others Increased Arousal Dominant Response is Incorrect Performance Lowered

41. Social Influence Group Effects Social Loafing Coordination Loss – Ringelmann Social Impact Model – Latane Conditions Limiting Loafing Social Compensation

42. Social Influence Group Effects Deindividuation Conditions Facilitating Deindividuation Deindividuated State Models for Behavioral Choices