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BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

CORC 1332: Review for Exam 1 Exam 1-- 3/14/12 6:05-7:45 rm 3127N The PowerPoint is to help you focus on what will be on the exam. The exam will consist of approx. 50 questions (multiple choice and T/F) You are responsible to bring with you: pencil , calculator , string and ruler

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BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

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  1. CORC 1332: Review for Exam 1 • Exam 1-- 3/14/12 6:05-7:45 rm 3127N • The PowerPoint is to help you focus on what will be on the exam. • The exam will consist of approx. 50 questions (multiple choice and T/F) • You are responsible to bring with you: pencil, calculator, string and ruler • *Cell phones cannot be used during exam including as a calculator * • ____________________________________________________________ • Review for Exam 1 • 2/29/12 In-Class review for Exam 1 • 3127N from 6:05-7:45pm • Pls. bring in questions on topics/concepts you are having trouble with. • ____________________________________________________________ • Next Assignment: Plate Tectonics Quiz DUE 3/14/12 to Michelle BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  2. Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties ►KNOW THE DEFINITION OF A MINERAL AND A ROCK A MINERAL is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. A ROCK, by comparison, is an aggregate of minerals (and other debris such bones or shells) and need not have a specific chemical composition. http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/mineral_def.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  3. Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties ►Know the difference between Cleavage and Fracture Cleavage and Fracture are mineral properties that describe the way a mineral breaks when stressed. Cleavage describes the way a mineral breaks along its plane of weakness. Fracture: A mineral property where the atomic bonding between atoms in the crystal structure uniform, with bonds of equal strength throughout. When these minerals are stressed they shatter making no two pieces truly the same. http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/cleave_def.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  4. Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties • Understand what defines a substance as a crystal. • Difference between crystal and crystalline texture and examples of each. http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/crystals_cause.html http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/crystals_def.html

  5. Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties Hardness is a measure of a mineral's resistant to abrasion. This property is easily determined and is used widely for field identification of minerals. ►Know the difference between MOH’S hardness scale and the “simple” STEEL NAIL-FINGERNAIL scale. http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/hardness_def.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  6. Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties ►KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL. Density or specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water. Density = Weight/Volume 1) Begin by recording the weight of the specimen, in this case 155.8 grams. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  7. Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties ►HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL. Density or specific gravity 2) The amount of water displaced is 20ml = 20cc (920-900) 3) Divide 155.8g/20cc = 7.79 g/cc. So, the density of the mineral is 7.79g/cc. http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/density_def.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  8. Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties ►KNOW WHAT IS STREAK. The streak of a mineral is the color it displays in finely powdered form. The streak maybe completely different from the color of the hand specimen. One of the simplest ways of determining the streak of a mineral is to rub a specimen across a piece of unglazed porcelain known as a streak plate. http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/streak_def.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  9. Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties ►KNOW HOW TO APPLY THESE PROPERTIES◄ HARDNESS DENSITY STREAK COLOR You’ll be asked to identify an unknown mineral using these properties which will be given to you in the test. Link to mineral ID charts and self-checking table: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/resourceMenu_min.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  10. Maps • You will be responsible to answer questions similar to those on your map assignment. • This includes: • Finding the gradient • Labeling contours • Determining stream direction BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  11. Maps: Determine Direction of Stream Flow In what general direction is the stream flowing? Ans: From West to East (The legs of the letter V give you the direction of flow) BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  12. Maps: Distance Between Two Points Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles? 1) We measure the scale with the ruler and now we know that 1.5 cm = 100 miles BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  13. Maps: Distance Between Two Points Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles? 2) We measure the distance between points Q and T which is 8.5 cm = x miles BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  14. Maps: Distance Between 2 Points Calculations BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  15. Ans: The distance between points Q and T is 567 miles. Maps: Distance Between 2 points Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  16. Maps: Labeling Contours Using the information given what is the elevation of contours ‘d’ and ‘k’? Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  17. 500 500 Maps: Labeling Contours Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R 500 500 f= 600 ft h= 650 ft k= 650 ft Answer: Contour ‘d’ = 400 ft Contour ‘k’ = 650 ft BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  18. Maps: Gradient of a Steam What is the average gradient of the streambetween points R and T? Gradient refers to the steepness between two points. To calculate the gradient we take the difference in elevation (ED) and divide it by the horizontal distance (HD). First will determine the horizontal distance of the stream. 1) Begin by measuring the length of the stream. Lay carefully a string along the course of the river. Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  19. .5938 5.25 5.25 .5938 * 5.25 .5938 Maps: Gradient of a Steam 2) Measure the string with a ruler, in this case the measurement is 5 4/16 inches which is equivalent to 5 1/4 in or 5.25 in. 3) Measure the scale bar in inches, 100miles = .5938 in *.5938 was derived from measuring the scale bar from a screen shot- your measurements will vary depending on screen resolution. 4) Complete the calculations and solve for X (on left). The distance measured by the ruler is 884 miles which refers to the horizontal distance. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  20. Maps: Gradient of a Steam Next, Determine the difference in elevation measuring the heights of points R and T. Begin bylabeling all of the contours using the given information (below) and determine the contour interval of R and T. Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  21. 500 500 Maps: Gradient of a Steam 5) Find the difference between R and T (R = 500 ft, T = 400 ft) 500 ft - 400 ft = 100ft Difference in elevation is = 100ft Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 ft Elevation of point Q = 583 ft Start Point: Q End Point: R f= 600 ft h= 650 ft k= 650 ft BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  22. Gradient= ED = HD 100ft 884miles = 0.11 feet/mile Maps: Gradient of a Steam To Recap: Gradient or steepness between two points is the difference in elevation (ED) divided by the horizontal distance (HD): To Calculate Gradient: (Using the numbers from the previous slides) Difference in elevation (ED) = 100 feet Horizontal distance (HD) = 884 miles *Gradient is equivalent to slope (m=y/x)* BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  23. 500 500 Maps: Azimuth Direction Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R What is the azimuth direction from the start point towards the end point? Using the protractor we can determine the azimuth direction to be approximately 9o (“9 degrees”). http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/compa.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  24. Maps: Distance What is the distance between points B and F in miles? First, we determine the distance between points B and F on the map in inches with the ruler. We measure 2 4/16 OR 2.25 inches one inch = 2.54 cm one foot = 12 inches one mile = 5280 feet BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  25. Maps: Distance What is distance between points B and F in miles: Next we determine the scale of the map, which we are told 1:60,000 (1 inch = 60,000 inches). Now we can convert the map measurement (2.25 inches) using the scale 1:60,000. 1 in = 60,000 in 2.25 in X X = 135,000 inches one inch = 2.54 cm one foot = 12 inches one mile = 5280 feet BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  26. Maps: Distance Lastly, we convert 135,000 inches to feet then to miles. one inch = 2.54 cm one foot = 12 inches one mile = 5280 feet The distance between points B and F in miles is: 2.1 miles BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  27. Maps: Distance What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers? The distance on the map from point A to point C is: 1 9/16 in OR 1.5625 in one inch = 2.54 cm one foot = 12 inches one mile = 5280 feet BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  28. 1.5625 in = X 1in 60,000 in Maps: Distance What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers? Next, Determine how many map units make up 1.5625 inches. Solve for X by cross multiplying: X = 93,780 inches one inch = 2.54 cm one foot = 12 inches one mile = 5280 feet BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  29. Maps: Distance Now we convert 93,780 inches into FEET, then into MILES and finally Miles into KILOMETERS. one foot = 12 inches one mile = 5280 feet one mile = 1.6 km The distance between points A and C in kilometers is 2.4km BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  30. Gentle Slope-widely space contours Steep Slope: narrow spaced contours Hill Maps: Topographic Features Closed Depression Describing Topography: Be able to identify topographic features on a geologic map. http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/top_describe_menu.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  31. Maps: Topography Match the following contours with the appropriate profiles: BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  32. Maps: Topography Match the following contours with the appropriate profiles: • B • E • D • C • F • A BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  33. What is an outcrop? What is bedrock? What are the differences between the two? ►Bedrock is a layer of undisturbed rock usually located beneath a surface layer of soil or other material. ►A surface exposure of bedrock is called an outcrop. http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/nyc_mins2/bedrock_rollover.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  34. Locations w/in the NYC Metropolitan Area Be able to identify all areas on the map. Could you: --Identify each borough, body of water and New Jersey? --Name the borough located furthest North, South, East West? http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/geog_nyc_menu2.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  35. Longitude and Latitude http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/latlong_menu.html Any point on a line of latitude is its position North or South of the equator. For example the Latitude of J is 5° 59’ 45” North (green arrow) Any point on a line of longitude is its position East or West of the Prime Meridian. For Example the Longitude of J is 71o 00’ 00” West (pink arrow) BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  36. Maps: Longitude and Latitude Determining the latitude and longitude of a point What is the latitude and longitude at point J? Answer: Latitude (Horizontal) 5o 59’ 45” North Longitude (Vertical) 71o 00’ 00” West http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/lat_long.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

  37. Maps: Longitude and Latitude For the latitude: (pink arrows) We see that point H is between 5o 59’ 45” and 6o 00’ 00” so we have 15” in between. We take half of 15” which is about 8” and add those 8” to 45” to get a latitude of 5o 59’ 53”. For the longitude: (blue arrows) We see that point H lies between 71o 00’ 00” and 71o 00’ 45” so we have 45” in between. Take half of 45” which is about 23” so we add those seconds to 00” to get a longitude 71o 00’ 23”. What is the latitude and longitude at point H? BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

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