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Workshop “Overcoming Barriers For Hythane” 19th June 2006, Stuttgart (D)

Natural Gas – Hydrogen / Methane blends for internal combustion engines (ICE) in road vehicles. Safety and Regulations. Workshop “Overcoming Barriers For Hythane” 19th June 2006, Stuttgart (D). Ing. Aldo Bassi e Ing. Daniele Mizza. 19th June 200 6. SUMMARY.

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Workshop “Overcoming Barriers For Hythane” 19th June 2006, Stuttgart (D)

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  1. Natural Gas – Hydrogen / Methane blends for internal combustion engines (ICE) in road vehicles. Safety and Regulations Workshop “Overcoming Barriers For Hythane” 19th June 2006, Stuttgart (D) Ing. Aldo Bassi e Ing. Daniele Mizza

  2. 19th June 2006 SUMMARY • Performances and some technical aspects of CH4/H2 blends combustion in ICE • Safety aspects and reliability analysis • Standards and Regulations – work in progress • Conclusions 2

  3. 19th June 2006 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF FUELS: GASOLINE, LPG, METHANE, HYDROGEN 3

  4. 19th June 2006 METHANE/HYDROGEN FEEDING SYSTEM OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Cylinder --- liters CYLINDER SAFETY MULTIVALVES ELETTROVALVE PRESSURE REGULATOR Cylinder --- liters Cylinder --- liters Cylinder --- liters GAS INJECTORS INLET MANIFOLD ENGINE EXHAUST MANIFOLD SPARK PLUGS ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT ECU CATALYTIC CONVERTER SENSORS 4

  5. 19th June 2006 POWER TRAIN EFFICIENCY (FUEL CELL & ICE) ICE 5

  6. 19th June 2006 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF H2 IN RESPECT OF THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE • Wide ignition range (with air) generates unwanted mixture ignitions • Low ignition energy generates unwanted mixture ignitions • High self-ignition temperature means high octane number (> 130) • High flame speed means high combustion temperature i.e. high NOx emissions • Low mixture H2/air density means low engine specific power • Low H2 density make critical all the seals of engine • High burn rates mean high heat losses 6

  7. 19th June 2006 Effect on the stored amount of energy on board of a natural gas vehicle, as a function of hydrogen content in the natural gas, with gas blend stored at 20 Mpa and 288K. 7

  8. 19th June 2006 LITERATURE DATA ABOUT EMISSIONS AND PERFORMANCES OF ICE H2/CNG FUELLED • 20 – 30% H2/CNG optimal mixture for performances and emissions. • ON THE TEST BED: • Energy consumption same as full CNG • NOX reduction of -50% • NMHC reduction of -58% • CO reduction of -9% • CO2 reduction ~ 25% • IN SERVICE • Energy consumption +12% • NOX reduction of -55% 8

  9. 19th June 2006 Standards and RegulationWork in progress • International Standards in ISO • Regulations & Procedures in Italy • Regulation UN-ECE / UN-GTR • Homologation procedures as single sample (I) • Risk analysis (RAMS) • Homologation tests 9

  10. UN / ECE United Nations EconomicCommissionfor Europe Inland Transport Committee WP.29 GRPE Working Party on Pollution and Energy Ad Hoc Group H2 and Fuel Cell GRPE 19th June 2006 ISO International Organization Standardization TC197 Hydrogen technologies TC22 Road Vehicles TC58 Gas cylinders TC22/SC21 Electric road vehicles – fuel cells. WG11 LPG Road Vehicles Containers TC22/SC25 Road vehicles using LPG, CNG, H2 • ECE-Rxx : Liquid H2 System & Components • ECE-Ryy : Compressed H2 System & Components • ECE-Rzz: Fuel Cells Global Technical Regulations (GTR) WG1 Refuelling connector WG2 Design principles and installation of vehicle fuel system. WG3 Fuel system components. WG5 Gas Filling connectors WG6 Gaseous fuel tanks WG10 Metal Hydrides WG11 Service Stations WG12 Product Specifications WG1 Liquid fuel tanks WG8 Electrolysis processes WG9 Fuel processing tech. European and International Gaseous Fuel Vehicles Standard Development 10 10

  11. 19th June 2006 ISO TCs DEVELOPING H2 VEHICLES STANDARDS TC 197 “Hydrogen Technologies” - WG 1 Liquid hydrogen - Land vehicles fuel tanks - WG 5 Gaseous hydrogen - Land vehicle filling connectors - WG 6 Gaseous hydrogen and hydrogen blends - Land vehicle fuel tanks - WG 8 Hydrogen generators using water electrolysis process - WG 9 Hydrogen generators using fuel processing technologies - WG 10 Transportable gas storage devices - Hydrogen absorbed in reversible metal hydride - WG 11 Gaseous hydrogen - Service stations - WG 12 Hydrogen fuel - Product specification TC 22/SC25 “Vehicles using gaseous fuels (CNG, LPG, H2)” – ITALIAN CHAIRMANSHIP - WG 1 Compressed natural gas refuelling connector - WG 2 Design principles and installation of vehicle fuel systems - WG 3 NGV fuel system components TC 22/SC21 “Electrically propelled road vehicles” - WG 1 Vehicle operation conditions, vehicle safety and energy storage installation - WG 2 Definitions and methods of measurement of vehicle performance and of energy consumption TC 58 “Gas cylinders” - WG 7 Compatibility between gases and materials 11

  12. 19th June 2006 STANDARD ISO CONCERNING HYDROGEN VEHICLES ISO/TR 15916 Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems (TC 197) ISO/DIS 13985.3 Liquid hydrogen land vehicle fuel tanks (TC 197) ISO/DIS 17268 Filling connectors (250, 350, 500, 700 bar) (TC 197) ISO/DIS 13984:1999 Liquid H2 Land vehicle fuelling system interface (TC197) ISO/WD xxxx.1 Road vehicles — Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen (CGH2) and Hydrogen Blends fuel system components Part 1: General requirements and definitions (TC 22/SC25) ISO/WD xxxx.2 Road vehicles — Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen (CGH2) and Hydrogen Blends fuel system components Part 2: Performance and general test methods (TC 22/SC25) ISO/WD xxxx.3 Road vehicles — Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen (CGH2) and Hydrogen Blends fuel system components Part 3: Pressure regulator (TC 22/SC25) ISO/CD 15869 Gaseous H2 e H2 blends land vehicle fuel tank (TC 58-197) 12

  13. 19th June 2006 STANDARD ISO CONCERNING HYDROGEN VEHICLES cont’ ISO 23273-1:2006 Fuel cell road vehicles -- Safety specifications Part 1: Vehicle functional safety (TC 22/SC21) ISO/FDIS 23273-2 Fuel cell road vehicles -- Safety specifications Part 2: Protection against hydrogen hazards for vehicles fuelled with compressed hydrogen (TC 22/SC21) ISO/DIS 23273-3 Fuel cell road vehicles -- Safety specifications Part 3: Protection of persons against electric shock (TC 22/SC21) ISO/CD 23828-1 Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Road Vehicles Energy consumption measurement Part 1: Using compressed hydrogen (TC 22/SC21) ISO/WD 23829-1 Pure Fuel Road Vehicles Energy consumption measurement Part 1: Using compressed hydrogen (TC 22/SC21) 13

  14. 19th June 2006 HYDROGEN VEHICLES REGULATIONS ACTIVITY • Mirror Committee H2 Italy: • CTI – Comitato Termotecnico Italiano • CUNA – Commissione Tecnica di unificazione dell’Autoveicolo • CEI – Comitato Elettrotecnico Italiano • National and international Regulations comparison (ISO, CEN, GRPE, PLATFORM H2...) • CUNA GL5 “Gaseous fuel engines and their systems” • Italian organization for regulations in the automotive field 14

  15. 19th June 2006 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROGEN FUELLED VEHICLES TYPE APPROVAL REGULATIONS. GRSP WP29/AC3 GRPE PROJECT MANAGER GTR-HFCV Mr. Albus SWG Environment emissions H2 consumption SWG Safety H2 storage, vehicle crash electric safety SGE (Perujo del JRC-ISPRA) SGS (da definire) H2 Industry mobile voice and stationary ISO H2 Voice EIHP2 Partnership ISO TC197 Hydrogen Technologies Decision for cooperation between TC197 and TC22 was already taken on 19.02.02 EIHP is a partnership between the European Hydrogen Industry and the European Commission. This consortium was created to provide inputs for regulatory activities on a European and global level to facilitate harmonized Procedures for the approval of hydrogen fuelled road vehicles ISO TC22 SC21 ISO TC22 SC25 Electric, Hybrid, FC Vehicles LPG, CNG, H2 Road Vehicles 15

  16. 19th June 2006 SPECIFIC REGULATIONS FOR HYDROGEN FUELLED VEHICLES TYPE APPROVAL ECE-ONU R xxx (GRPE/2003/14-7/03/03) Proposal: Specific components for motor vehicles using liquid hydrogen. Vehicles with regard to the installation of specific component ECE-ONU R yyy (GRPE/Informal doc) Proposal: Specific components for motor vehicles using compressed gaseous hydrogen. Vehicles with regard to the installation of specific component ECE-ONU R zzz (Draft regulation) Specific components of fuel cell for vehicles propulsion system Vehicles with regard to the installation of fuel cell … ECE-ONU R 83 (draft amendment) Proposal: for introducing H2 as propulsion fuel (exhaust emission measurements & certification tests) ECE-ONU R 85 (draft amendment) Proposal: for introducing H2 as propulsion fuel (power output measurements & certification tests) ECE-ONU R 101 (draft amendment) Proposal: for introducing H2 as propulsion fuel (fuel consumption and CO2 emission measurements & certification tests) ECE-ONU R 100 (approved 12/02/97) Approval of battery electric vehicles with regard to specific requirements for construction and functional safety Nota: In the Regulation R 83, R 85, R 101 specific amendments are also proposed for introducing hybrid propulsion system certification test. 16

  17. 19th June 2006 HOMOLOGATION PROCEDURES FOR A VEHICLE SINGLE SAMPLE (ITALY) • Risk Analysis (RAMS) • Technical Report • “Nulla Osta” Car Maker • Tests required by Car Maker Homologation Request (Ministero dei Trasporti - Italy) Lab and Road Tests Type approval & Plate ID. Plate 17

  18. 19th June 2006 RAMS Reliability, Availability, Maintenance and Safety • Functional Diagrams of the system and subsystems • Data sheets components • Mission profile • Risk analysis • FMECA / FTA • Maintenance (Preventive & In-repair) • Critical components (Minimal Cut Sets) • Operability analisys 18

  19. 19th June 2006 SAFETY ASPECTS OF H2 VEHICLES • On board H2 system: • Leakages measurements and safety valves • On board H2 gas deposits prevention • H2 purges control • In fire behaviour – Safety valves – Bonfire • Safety in crash (front, rear, lateral): • Leakages control after crash • Cut-Off valves for cylinders • Components & cylinders fitting • Accelerations calculation 19

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