HESSI’s Imaging Process

1. HESSI’s Imaging Process

2. Purpose The HESSI satellite, due for launch in the Fall of 2001, has set out to study particle acceleration and energy release in solar flares. In order to create images of these flares, nine distinct sets of grids and corresponding detectors are used. The purpose of this presentation is to comprehensively explain the major aspects of the HESSI imaging process.

3. As HESSI rotates at 15 rpm, each of the nine collimators modulates the incident X-ray flux in a way that is precisely dependent on the angular distribution of the photons. The arrival time and energy of each photon that makes it through the two grids of a collimator into the detector are recorded and included in the telemetry.

4. With all of this information together with the knowledge of the grids obtained from the characterization measurements made before launch, it is possible to determine the angular distribution of the incident photons and hence reconstruct images of the source as a function of time. This demonstration is an attempt to show how this is done.

5. The precise orientation of the grids in space is recorded using both the Solar Aspect System (SAS) and the Roll Angle System (RAS).

6. First, we need to understand how one of the collimator pairs modulates the incident flux of photons emitted from a solar flare. To make it simple, we will consider only a steady point source on the Sun. X-rays from that source are emitted at a constant rate and travel in straight lines in all directions. We are only concerned with those that travel towards HESSI.

7. It is important to note that all the photons that reach HESSI can be considered as traveling on parallel paths since the Sun is so far away (93 million miles or 1.5 x 1011 m) compared to the diameter of the HESSI grid tray (~1 m). The biggest angle between the directions of photons that could be detected with HESSI is thus 360/(2 pi 1.5 x 1011) degrees = 1.2 x 10-6 arcseconds

8. This is much less than the 2-arcsecond angular resolution that is achieved with HESSI’s finest grids and so we are justified in assuming that all of the photons from a point source on the Sun arrive at HESSI with parallel paths.

9. Components of Animations FrontGrid Rear Grid Detector These are the main parts of the Flash animations that illustrate how HESSI’s rotating grids work.

10. All Nine Grids RotatingPoint Source Located on the Spin Axis Next we consider how the grid-pair collimators modulate this parallel beam of X-ray photons. It is helpful to imagine yourself riding along on one of the photons in the beam being emitted from the solar event. The accompanying animation shows what you would see assuming you were traveling exactly along the HESSI spin axis.

11. All Nine Grids RotatingPoint Source Located on the Spin Axis Only the slats of the front grid would block your view of the detectors – the thermal insulation blankets and the cryostat cover used to keep the instrument cool are transparent to all but the lowest energy X-rays.

12. The area of each detector that you see through the two grids in front of it tells you how many of the photons riding along with you in the virtually parallel beam from your common point source will be recorded by HESSI at any given time. The number of photons on your parallel beam that will be recorded by HESSI changes between 50% of the photons (when the slats of the front grid do not block any part of the rear slits) and no photons (when the slats of the front grid completely cover the slits of the rear grid). 50% transmission 0% transmission

13. Another Consideration… • As you the photon are traveling from the front grid to the back grid, HESSI is rotating at 15 rpm. However, you don’t have to worry about the effects of rotation from the time you pass through the front grid to the time you pass through the rear grid and into the detector since distance between grids is only 1.55 m and you are traveling at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second or 3 x 1010cm s‑1). It only takes 5.2 x 10-9 s for light to travel 1.55m. As shown by the equation: (1.55 * 102)/(3 * 1010)s = 5.2 * 10-9s • At the 15 rpm rotation rate, even the grids near the edge of the trays move a very small distance in this time (2 pi x 50 x 5.2 x 10‑9/4 cm = 0.004 microns) compared to the finest slit width (20 microns).

14. All Nine Grids Rotating Source Offset from the Spin Axis

15. Source Looking along the Spin Axis: Grid #9 The next step in HESSI imaging is determining where the source is located on the Sun. To start, we will consider a special case of a point source exactly on the HESSI spin axis. In the accompanying animation, we consider Grid #9, the coarsest of all HESSI’s grids. The visible portion of Detector #9 seen through the coarsest grids stays constant as the spacecraft rotates.

16. Source Looking along the Spin Axis: Grid #9 In this case, the beam is not modulated as the spacecraft rotates and all the detectors record a steady rate of photons equal to a fraction of those that passed through the front grid.

17. Source Looking along the Spin Axis: Grid #9 Assuming that the front and rear grids are concentric, the fraction of photons that do get through both grids from a point source on the spin-axis to the detector would be ½. However, in reality, the front grid is slightly offset from the corresponding rear grid. The exact offset of the front grid with respect to the rear grid is something that will be determined for each grid pair using data from the first flares detected.

18. Source Offset From the Spin Axis: Grid #9 But what happens in the more interesting and common case when the point source is offset from the HESSI spin axis? The accompanying animation shows what happens. Now the front and rear grids no longer appear concentric and the area of the detector that can be seen through both grids changes with time.

19. This is an example of a lightcurve generated by the modulation of the area of the detector visible to the source as a function of rotation angle. It takes HESSI 4 seconds to receive a full lightcurve like this one (15 rpm = one 360 degree rotation every 4 seconds). This chart illustrates the fact that, for an off-axis point source, the transmission fraction modulates between 0 and ½. The parts of the curve where it rises and falls very steeply illustrates when the front and rear slats are moving over one another the most swiftly. The two parabolas with peaks at 90 and 270 degrees occur when the slats are moving across one another the slowest.

20. The modulation of the area of the detector visible to the source is the basic way in which HESSI creates an image. The accompanying animations, produced by Dr. Edward Schmal and Jay Dinsick using IDL, show the next step in HESSI imaging: the reconstruction of an image from the modulation patterns using the back projection algorithm. The box to the far left is the modulation of the portion of the detector visible to the source. The white area represents the detector, and the black represents the portion of the front and rear grid that are blocking the detector. As the previous animations have shown, the area of the detector visible to the source fluctuates between 0 and 50 percent.