Visualizing Japanese Grammar Appendix

1. VisualizingJapanese GrammarAppendix Shoko Hamano George Washington University

2. The terms on the left are descriptive terms. They are used to objectively refer to kinship relationships or to speak of one own family members when talking to outside people. The terms on the right are deferential terms. Those in this page are used either to address one’s own elders or to speak of other people’s elders deferentially. Kinship terms descriptive terms kinship titles (addressing one’s own or speaking of other’s) mother母（はは） おかあさん father父（ちち） おとうさん elder sisterあね おねえさん elder brotherあに おにいさん grandmotherそぼ おばあさん grandfatherそふ おじいさん auntおば おばさん uncleおじ おじさん

3. The terms on the left column are again descriptive terms. The terms on the right column are deferential terms. used to speak of other people’s family politely. These terms refer to either collective family members or individual family members lower than the speaker. There are no deferential address terms for such relationships. Kinship terms descriptive termskinship titles (speaking politely of others’) both parentsりょうしんごりょうしん familyかぞく ごかぞく siblingきょうだい ごきょうだい younger sisterいもうと いもうとさん younger brotherおとうと おとうとさん cousinいとこ （おいとこさん） childこども おこさん sonむすこ むすこさん daughterむすめ むすめさん grandchildまご おまごさん

4. The spousal relationships also lack deferential address terms. Descriptive terms for one’s own spouse tend to proliferate partly because of the awareness of the historical meanings of the traditional terms and partly because of taboo against directly referring to one’s own spouse in public. Kinship terms descriptive termskinship titles (speaking politely of others’) wifeつま おくさん かない にょうぼう ワイフ husbandしゅじん ごしゅじん おっと ていしゅ ごていしゅ