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WWII

WWII. The Path to War: ASIA. Japanese Territorial Expansion. Natural resources ‘31 invaded Manchuria Coal and iron ore ‘32 declared it the independent state of Manchukuo League of Nations ineffective in stopping Demanded w/ drawal from China

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WWII

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  1. WWII The Path to War: ASIA

  2. Japanese Territorial Expansion • Natural resources • ‘31 invaded Manchuria • Coal and iron ore • ‘32 declared it the independent state of Manchukuo • League of Nations ineffective in stopping • Demanded w/drawal from China • March ‘33 Japan withdrew from the League and remained in Manchukuo • Encouraged Italy and Germany to expand

  3. Expansion Cont • Early ‘30s • East Indies for oil • Needs Chinese ports • ‘37 Japan invades South and East China • Nanjing Massacre = 300,000 killed by Japanese • ‘37 – ‘45 Nat' lists, Ch. Comm. and Jap. fight for control of China

  4. WWII Path to War: Europe

  5. Italy • Goal: control Ethiopia • ‘34 – border clash and The League did nothing • October ‘35 Italy invades • The League imposed economic sanctions • Included weapons but not oil, coal, iron • Ineffective • May ‘36 Ethiopia was annexed

  6. Civil War in Spain • Spain became a Republic in 1931 • July 1936 Nationalists revolted • Francisco Franco • Foreign powers intervened • Soviet Union + others = Republicans • Germany = Nationalists • 1939 Results • Nationalists won in 1939 • Franco becomes new fascist dictator • DID NOT ALLY W/ GERMANY OR ITALY!

  7. Germany’s Conquest Begins • Hitler attacked the Rhineland in March ‘36 • Prohibited by V. T. • No one acted • New alliances threaten peace • Rome-Berlin Axis (Oct ‘36) • Anti-Comintern Pact added Japan • Stalin urged West to form • Nothing happened

  8. 1st victim • Austria • ‘34 Hitler wanted Aust. to join to Ger. • Italy mobilized along Aust. border • ‘38 Ger. and It. = Allied • Hitler tried again • March ‘38 • Offered Political stability • United German speaking people • Austria asks for help • None

  9. 2nd victim • Czechoslovakia • Target b/c prosperous • Ethnic conflicts • Appeasement • Sept ‘38 – Sudetenland • Munich Conference (Sept 29, 1938) – Neville Chamberlain (GB) tries to negotiate peace • Ger. got Sudetenland • Hitler would respect Czech’s freedom • Hitler would not take any more territory • March 15, 1939 Hitler takes over Czech • Western Democracies begin to prepare for war.

  10. The Coming of War • March 1939 Hitler turns East • Memel, Lithuania • Danzig, Poland • West and Soviets suspicious of each other • No alliance was ever formed to stop Hitler. • Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact • Aug 23, 1939 • Pledged they would never attack each other • Would remain neutral if the other was in war • Outlined “spheres of influence”

  11. The Battle Fronts 1939 - 1941

  12. War Begins • Hitler invaded Poland on Sept 1, 1939 • Assumed the West would do nothing • Two days later, GB and FR declared war on Germany • WWII has begun

  13. Early Conquests • Sept 1, 1939 blitzkrieg on Poland • “lightning war” – surprise • Used the Luftwaffe, panzers, and then the infantry • Poland fell in weeks • Stalin forced military bases in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, then Finland.

  14. Hitler Looks to the West • 1939 – 1940 Sitzkreig • Quiet on the Western Front • Scandinavia Falls (April – May 1940) • April 1940 GB tries to protect Norway • Hitler said the Allies were invading and Denmark and Norway accept “protection of the Reich” • Denmark accepts • Norway rejects • April 9 Hitler attacks Norway and Denmark • Germ – loses part of navy • Germ – won outlet to the Atlantic • Chamberlain replaced by Winston Churchill – May 10, 1940

  15. Fall of France • Maginot Line… • May 10, 1940 Hitler attacks the Low Countries – Lux, Nether, Bel • GB, FR move troops to Bel and Hitler uses opening and invades with Panzers • Bel, GB, & FR troops trapped; rescued at Dunkirk • Germ takes to Paris on June 14 • FR signs an armistice

  16. The Battle for Britain • Hitler’s plan: • Win the English Channel • Destroy airfields and industries • Began August 1940 • Focus = RAF; Aug 24 – Sept 6 1000 planes/day • RAF losses = 466 planes, 103 pilots • German losses > • Sept 7 – Nov 3 blitzed London • Huge damage to London • British Hurricanes, Spitfires successful in destroying German pilots. • Results: • Germany’s 1st loss • U.S. Aid (see next slide)

  17. http://www.llgc.org.uk/illingworth/illingworth_s040.htm

  18. American Cooperation • Neutrality Acts… • FDR wants to help b/c feels threatened by Hitler • Gave 50 old destroyers to GB • Enacted cash-and-carry policy • Switches to lend-lease policy when GB runs out of $ • GB and US sign Atlantic Charter (Aug 9, 1941) • Freedom of trade • Right of people to choose govt • Final destruction of Nazi tyranny

  19. Eastern Europe and Africa • June 10, 1940 Italy declares war on FR and GB • Battle at Libya (Dec 9, 1940) • By 1941 Germany claims Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary • April ’41 GB defeated at Yugoslavia and Greece; forced to escape by sea. • April 11, 1941Germ tanks pushed GB out of N. Libya

  20. Invasion of the Soviet Union • Hitler’s Goal: get more “living space,” wheat, and oil • Operation Barbarossa (June 22, 1941) • German offensive on the SU; a surprise • To stop GERM, Stalin orders the scorched-earth policy • By Nov 1941, Germany pushed 600 miles inland, controlled 40% of the population, and had taken key cities. • Soviet resistance was strong and the winter was harsh • Dec 2, 1941 GERM was forced to retreat.

  21. Japanese Expansion • Controlled much of China by the late 1930s • July 1940 started the “greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere” by taking European colonies such as French Indochina, Dutch East Indies, and Singapore (GB) • Response: US placed an embargo on iron • Tripartite Pact (Sept 27, 1940) • Alliance between GERM, IT, and JAPAN

  22. Japan’s Attack and US Entry

  23. Tensions Mount • Japan attacked Indochina on July 24, 1941 • US Response • Demanded w/drawal from Indochina and China • Embargo on oil • Froze all Japanese assets in America • Hideki Tojo – military dictator - decides to go to war to continue expansion.

  24. The Plan… • US Pacific Fleet was based in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • Yamamoto – commander of JAP navy – plans secret attack • November 1941 – JAP fleet leaves for target • Japan stages negotiation talks with FDR • As talks break down, FDR sends all aircraft carriers and half of the army’s airplanes to Pearl Harbor in prep for attack in SE Asia

  25. The Attack • December 7, 1941 • W/in 25 minutes torpedoes sank battleships Arizona, Utah, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and California • Results: • 19 American ships sank or damaged • 188 airplanes were destroyed • Over 2400 killed • 1100 wounded • Dec. 8, 1941 • December 9, 1941 the US declared war on Japan

  26. The Homefront

  27. Production • US = Allies biggest supplier • Planes, tanks, jeeps, guns, ships • Created an economic boom • Population shift to war-industry cities (west) • Increase in farm production

  28. Government Expansion • New Agencies • Office of War Mobilization (OWM) • War Production Board (WPB)

  29. Economy • To pay for the war: • Gov't increased the tax base • Encouraged war bonds • To stop inflation • Bonds • Rationing • Gasoline, heating fuel, tires, coffee, sugar, meat, butter, canned goods

  30. The Army • Selective Training and Service Act • 21-35 HAD TO register • Deferments • WWII = 2/3 drafted • 300,000 women served • WAACS, WASPS, WAVES, SPARS • ANC, NNC • ROSIE THE RIVETER

  31. Promoting the War • Movies • Songs • Radio stations

  32. Japanese-American Relocation • 119,000 Jap-Am on West Coast • 1942 – 1945 = Hysteria; imprisoned in 10 relocations camps • Minidoka, Tule Lake, Manzanar, Topaz, Granada, Heart Mountain, Poston, Gila River, Rohwer, Jerome • Losses = $400 million in property • Wanted to disprove accusation of disloyalty

  33. Relocation Camps

  34. Camp Layouts

  35. Typical barracks room at Manzanar, April 1942

  36. Remains of Security Fence, Manzanar

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