Past Participle

1. Past Participle Spanish III Mrs. O. Pacheco

2. Past Participle The past participle is a specific form of the verb that usually ends in ‐ado or ‐ido. This is not a conjugated form because it does not change to agree with the subject. The past participle will be important in future lessons covering the perfect tenses. • hablar - ar + ado = hablado • comer - er + ido = comido • vivir - ir + ido = vivido

3. The past participle verb form has two uses: It is the base form used to create an adjective from a verb. When used as an adjective, the past participle verb form must be adapted to match the gender and number of the noun it modifies. Just about every verb can be made into an adjective by using its past participle form. It may be used after a conjugated form of the helping verb, haber, as part of a compound verb (a verb tense that requires more than one word to create). When used as a verb, it always ends in ‐o because it does not need to agree with the subject in number or gender. This type of past participle will be called the “pure past participle” to indicate that you should not mess with its ending.

4. Used as Adjectives • Most past participles can be used as adjectives. Like other adjectives, they agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify. • La puerta está cerrada.Thedoorisclosed. • Las puertas están cerradas.Thedoors are closed. • El restaurante está abierto.The restaurant is open. • Los restaurantes están abiertos.The restaurants are open.

5. With the verb “Ser” (passive voice) • The past participle can be combined with the verb "ser" to express the passive voice. Use this construction when an action is being described, and introduce the doer of the action with the word "por.“ • La casa fueconstruidapor los carpinteros.The house was built by the carpenters. • La tiendaesabiertatodos los díaspor el dueño.The store is opened every day by the owner.

6. Regular Past Participles No verb undergoes a stem change in its past participle form, and all ‐ar verbs have regular past participle forms. To create the past participle form of an ‐ar verb, replace the ‐ar infinitive ending with ‐ado. In the examples in Table , you may notice that the English past participle sometimes looks and sounds just like the English past tense but that the Spanish past participle form is entirely different from the past tense.

7. Past vs. Past • When an English verb ends in ‐ed it may be in its past participle form or in a past tense conjugation. There is only one way to know for sure that it is a past participle rather than the past tense: A past participle is always preceded by some form of the helping verb “to have” (namely, have, has, or had). For example: • Yesterday, I wrote (past tense). • I havewritten (past participle). • Last week, I called (past tense). • I havecalled (past participle) many times. • Yesterday, he did (past tense) his homework. • He hasdone (past participle) it every day.

8. -er & -ir endings Past participle forms never look like past tense forms in Spanish, and there are not many verbs with a past participle ending other than ‐ ido or ‐ado. The regular past participles of ‐er and ‐ir verbs are exactly alike (see Table ). The few irregularly formed past participles are listed in Table . Any ‐ ir or ‐er verb that does not appear on the irregular list has a past participle formed by removing the ‐er or ‐ir infinitive ending and replacing it with ‐ido. Remember that a Spanish past participle form never undergoes a stem change.

9. Irregular Verbs

10. Verbs with Prefixes Table lists the 12 verbs with irregular past participle forms. Notice that most irregulars end in ‐to or ‐cho. • Many of the above verbs are also used with prefixes. The following verbs have the same past participle form (after the prefix) as the simple verbs above: • bendecir (to bless) • componer (to compose) • descubrir (to discover) • deshacer (to undo) • devolver (to return something) • disponer (to put) • exponer (to expose) • imponer (to impose) • rehacer (to redo, to remake) • revolver (to turn around, to turn over) Note:Because satisfacer (to satisfy) is always formed like hacer, its past participle is satisfecho.

11. Stressed Syllables (irregulars) • To preserve the stress on the correct syllable, any verb that ends in ‐ aer, ‐eer, or ‐oír will have an accent on the í of its past participle ending (see table). • The following verbs with prefixes also have an accent on the ‐ído of the past participle form: • atraer (to attract) • distraer (to distract) • sonreír (to smile) • sustraer (to subtract)

12. ¡A practicar! • El edificiofue _________ por los esclavos.The building was built by the slaves. (construir) • La basurafue _________ por el niño.The trash was taken out by the boy. (sacar) • La niñatieneunapierna _________.The girl has a broken leg. (romper) • Las gatasestán _________.The cats are dead. (morir) • El cine está _________.The movie theatre is closed. (cerrar) • Las ventanasestán _________.The windows are broken. (romper) • La cuentaestá_________.The bill is paid. (pagar) • El bebéestá_________ en la cuna.The baby is sleeping in the crib. (dormir) • ¿Está_________ la puerta?Is the door open? (abrir) • ¿Están los libros_________ en español?Are the books written in Spanish? (escribir)

13. Pluscuamperfecto(Past Perfect)

14. Past perfect • The past perfect (el pluscuamperfecto), also known as the pluperfect, is a combination of the past participle and the imperfect of the verb haber. The past perfect describes an action in the past that happened before another action in the past. There are three other perfect tenses in the indicative: present perfect, preterit perfect, future perfect, and the conditional perfect. • The past perfect describes what a person "had" done before something else happened in the past. Notice that tener is not used even though it means "to have." It is formed by combining haber (conjugated to the imperfect tense) and the past participle. • I had studied. • He had written a letter to María. • We had been stranded for six days.

15. Compound tense • Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb. • I had studied.(main verb: studied ; auxiliary verb: had) • He had written a letter to María.(main verb: written ; auxiliary verb: had) • We had been stranded for six days.(main verb: been ; auxiliary verb: had)

16. Auxiliary verb • In Spanish, the past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows: habíahabíashabíahabíamoshabíaishabían

17. Adjective agreement • When you studied the past participle, you practiced using it as an adjective. When used as an adjective, the past participle changes to agree with the noun it modifies. However, when used in the perfect tenses, the past participle never changes. • Past participle used as an adjective:La puertaestácerrada.The door is closed. • Past participle used in the past perfect tense:Yohabíacerrado la puerta.I had closed the door. • Past participle used as an adjective:Las puertasestánabiertas.The doors are open. • Past participle used in the past perfect tense:Juan habíaabiertolaspuertas.Juan had opened the doors.

18. Let's look more carefully at the last example: • Compare these two examples: • Juan habíaabiertolaspuertas.Juan had opened the doors. • Juan y Maríahabíanpuesto mucho dinero en el banco.Juan and Maria had put a lot of money in the bank. • In the first example, we use "había" because the subject of the sentence is "Juan." In the second example, we use "habían" because the subject of the sentence is "Juan y María." • Juan habíaabiertolaspuertas.Juan had opened the doors. • Notice that we use "había" to agree with "Juan". We do NOT use "habían" to agree with "puertas." The auxiliary verb is conjugated for the subject of the sentence, not the object.

19. When is it used? • The past perfect tense is used when a past action was completed prior to another past action. Expressions such as "ya", "antes", "nunca", "todavía" and "después" will often appear in sentences where one action was completed before another. • Cuandollegaron los padres, los niñosyahabíancomido.When the parents arrived, the children had already eaten. • Yohabíacomido antes de llamarles.I had eaten prior to calling them.

20. Implied idea • This idea of a past action being completed before another past action need not always be stated; it can be implied. • Juan habíacerrado la ventanaantes de salir. (stated)Juan had closed the window before leaving. • Juan habíacerrado la ventana. (implied)Juan had closed the window.

21. Negative sentence • The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. To make the sentence negative, add the word "no" before the conjugated form of haber. • (yo) No habíavivido.I had not lived. • (tú) No habíasvivido.You had not lived. • (él) No habíavivido.He had not lived. • (nosotros) No habíamosvivido.We had not lived. • (vosotros) No habíaisvivido.You-all had not lived. • (ellos) No habíanvivido.They had not lived.

22. Object pronouns • Again, the auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. Object pronouns are placed immediately before the auxiliary verb. • Pablo le había dado mucho dinero a suhermana.Pablo had given a lot of money to his sister. • To make this sentence negative, the word "no" is placed before the indirect object pronoun (le). • Pablo no le había dado mucho dinero a suhermana.Pablo had not given a lot of money to his sister.

23. Reflexive verbs • With reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun is placed immediatedly before the auxiliary verb. Compare how the present perfect differs from the simple present, when a reflexive verb is used. • Me lavolasmanos. (present)I wash my hands. • Me habíalavadolasmanos. (past perfect)I had washed my hands. • To make this sentence negative, the word "no" is placed before the reflexive pronoun (me). • No me habíalavadolasmanos.I had not washed my hands.

24. Questions • Here are the same questions in negative form. Notice how the auxiliary verb and the past participle are not separated. • ¿No habíanllegadoyalaschicas?Hadn't the girls arrived yet? • ¿No habíasprobadoya el postre?Hadn't you tried the dessert yet? • Questions are formed as follows. Note how the word order is different than the English equivalent. • ¿Habíanllegadoyalaschicas?Had the girls arrived yet? • ¿Habíasprobadoya el postre?Had you tried the dessert yet?

25. Past perfect formula • imperfect haber+ past participle • Habíavistoya a mi primo. (I had already seen my cousin.) • Habíascantado en la fiesta cuandollegué. (You had already sang at the party when I arrived.) Note: Notice that the auxilary verb (haber) and the past participle are never separated. If object pronouns are present, they go immediately before haber.

26. ¡A practicar! • Cuando llegó Juan al restaurante sus padres ya __________ de comer. When Juan arrived at the restaurant his parents had already finished eating. (terminar) • El político ___________ bajar los impuestos. The politician had promised to lower the taxes. (prometer) • Mi hermana arregló la sala cuando ________ la reunión. My sister cleaned the living room when the meeting had ended. (terminar) • El padre ________ un buentrabajador. The father had been a good worker. (ser) • Le dije al policíaque el ladrónhabía__________ porla ventana. I told the policeman that the thief had entered through the window. (entrar)