Michael Hanks

1. Black Holes Galaxies and Michael Hanks Alberto Pulido Dark Matter

2. History of Black Holes • discovered two centuries ago by John Michell • John hypothesized that it’s possible for gravity to be so overwhelmingly strong that nothing, not even light, could escape, which would be a black hole • Michell said that if something can generate such a tremendous amount of gravity, it would have to be very massive and unimaginably dense • this led to the discovery of the black hole • a black hole is a massive object formed by the gravitational collapse of a star exploding as a super nova, whose gravitational field is so intense that no electromagnetic radiation can escape it

3. Black Hole History Timeline 1687– Sir Isaac Newton described gravity in his publication of “Principia” 1783 – John Michell explained the idea of light becoming trapped inside of a massive gravitational object 1796 – Simon Pierre LaPlace predicted the existence of black holes 1915 – Albert Einstein published the Theory of General Relativity 1916 – Karl Schwarzchild used Einstein’s publication to define a black hole 1926 – Sir Arthur Eddington opposed the black hole theory as a relativity scientist 1935 – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar created the theory of white dwarfs, which lead to the eventual discussion of black holes creating from stars 1964 – created the term “black hole” 1964 – Jocelyn Bell-Burnell discovered neutron stars, the most dense matter at that time 1970 – Stephen Hawking defined the modern theory of black holes, including their death 1970 – Cygnus X-1 found the first physical black hole 1994 – the Hubble Space Telescope provided the best evidence of tremendous black holes in the center of galaxies

4. Creation of Black Holes • black holes are created when stars collapse and die from burning its core nuclear fuel • the outer layer rebounds to form a supernova explosion • the result is the core forming a black hole • for it to form, the explosion must be at least three times mass of the sun • also, the star must have had to been between 50 and 100 times the mass of the sun for most of its life

5. Location, Size, and Mass • all black holes are located in the center of galaxies, powering the galaxies' energy and providing its gravitational force • black holes usually have a size of 10 to 30 km in length • the mass of a black hole ranges from 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg (10 nonillion kg) to 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg (100 decillion kg) • black holes consist of basically just matter and light • we can’t say exactly what matter it is because it’s impossible to get close enough to take observations

6. Composition, Temperature, and Atmosphere • when a star explodes and forms a black hole, the molecules of its matter are not destroyed; they are compressed into the heaviest matter that takes their energy and force to form the black hole, so it is composed of the remnants of a star after its explosion • the temperature of a black hole is determined by its “black body radiation temperature” from the radiation it emits • for black holes the mass of our sun, the temperature is one-millionth of a degree higher than absolute zero, which is –459.67°F • black holes do not have any atmosphere; the surrounding area is the gravitational energy compressing any object that comes near it, cooling it to then be pulled into the core of the black hole

7. Types of Black Holes • stellar black holes are formed from the gravitational collapse of a massive star at the end of its life • in its creation, a companion star closest to it transfers energy through a wave of heat at several hundred million degrees to the forming black hole to provide energy and stays there for its life time • micro black holes are extremely tiny black holes • their masses are much less of a star, so in the formation, not a lot of the star’s molecules become compressed for the black hole’s creation • they are giant aspects of quantum mechanics • super massive black holes are the largest type of black holes in galaxies • the outside of the black hole is much weaker than the core • nearly every galaxy contains a super massive black hole

8. Life Cycle and Physical Characteristics • as long as a black hole has material to pull into to its core to provide energy, it will continue to grow • the process of pulling matter into its core releases a giant amount of energy, which causes surrounding material to disperse, so it doesn’t grow as fast • once all the starts burn out in 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 years (100 vigintillion years), then black holes will all eventually evaporate from the lack of energy provided • the physical characteristic of a black hole are defined by its size, mass, and color • despite the name, black holes are vibrant with colors ranging from all visible light depending on the radiation it emits, which is determined by the star that created it, which depends on the location in space it presided

9. Black Hole Facts • a black hole is a space where gravity is so great that a gravitational time dilatation has occurred, which is the creation of different time zones from the greatly powerful strength • there is no limit on how small or large a black hole can be • the nearest black hole is 1,600 light years away from Earth (about 16,000,000,000,000,000 kilometers [16 quadrillion kilometers] around Earth) • a black hole cannot destroy all matter in a Universe in its core • in the center of the Milky Way, there is a super massive black hole weighing about 4 million solar masses • black holes can eventually evaporate, due to the radiation of color that it emits from its mass, taking away from the initial mass every second

10. Going to a Black Hole and Life's Existence on a Black Hole • if you go to a black hole, you will die • don’t do it • you WILL die • if you go anywhere near a black hole, you will be pulled in by its extreme gravitational pull, and your body will be compressed into the smallest matter it can ever be formed into, when you’ll then freeze from its temperature • you will then be pulled into the core at such an extreme speed that whatever left of your body will be torn apart • no life can ever possibly exist at a black hole because of the reasons explained to the left

11. History of Galaxies • a galaxy is a massive gravitationally bound system that consists of stars, remnants of stars, planets, and a black hole in the center • galaxies were discovered by a Persian astronomer in 964 A.D. named Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi • however, it wasn’t until 1922 until the astronomer Johann Bode discovered galaxies past the Milky Way • galaxies are segments of different, larger astronomical elements in space that contain segments with even more aspects of the Universe broken down into a whole balanced system

12. Galaxy History Timeline 1774 – Johann Elert Bode discovered the first spiral galaxy outside of the Milky Way and named it Bode’s Galaxy 1781 – Charles Messier discovered the first elliptical galaxy in the constellation of Virgo 1924 – Edwin Powell Hubble discovered more galaxies outside of the Milky Way 1929 – Sir James Jeans studied the gravitational physics and other scientific aspects of galaxies, making great progress in the history of science 1933 – Fritz Zwicky hypothesized the existence of dark matter inside of galaxies 1943 – CK Seyfert began to study extremely tiny galaxies in the Universe 1966 – Halton Arp published his atlas of galaxies, called the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies of 338 pictures of strange galaxies 2003 – the GALEX satellite was launched into space

13. Creation of Galaxies • the creation of galaxies is based on the Big Bang theory • 300,000 years after this, the great amount of clouds of hydrogen and helium that resulted from it it began to combine • these combinations started to form the beginning of galaxies • billions of years later, different galactic components of space known today began to form from the eventual formation of elements, matter, and energy from the changing time period • these components include stars, a black hole, planets, dark matter, comets, asteroids, and clusters of these giant galaxies in segments of the universe

14. Location, Size, and Mass • the location of galaxies include billions of different places throughout the entire Universe • all the different galaxies have different locations in space, spread throughout regions, clusters, and segments • large galaxies, such as our Milky Way, are around 100,000 light years across and 3,000 light years thick • medium-sized galaxies are about 5 times smaller, and the smaller ones are around 10 times smaller • the average mass of a galaxy is 1,153,573,600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg (one tredecillion, one hundred fifty-three duodecillion, five hundred seventy-three undecillion, six hundred decillion kg)

15. Composition, Temperature, and Atmosphere • the composition of galaxies include the basic structure of hydrogen and helium • it consists of a balance of dark matter • other matter inside include: planets, stars, meteors, comets, a black hole, and asteroids • the temperature of galaxies range from the different areas in the galaxy • the core is extremely cold at absolute zero, and the more distance spread outward, the more hot it gets, reaching temperatures ranging in the hundreds of billions at some points • the atmosphere of galaxies is just clusters of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium, that are trapped in the gravitational field of the different matter in the galaxies

16. Types of Galxies • spiral galaxies resemble the shape of a pinwheel • over 75% of galaxies in the universe are spiral galaxies • different kinds of spiral galaxies are based upon their arms • all spiral galaxies rotate, taking hundreds of millions of years to complete one rotation • elliptical galaxies get there shape when they are formed • 2 galaxies collide, matter is thrown out, and there is no orbit, so they are no arms, and it is just an oval of light in appearance • within seven hundred million light years of Earth, 60% of all galaxies are elliptical • irregular galaxies appear misshapen or distinct in appearance • this is usually because of the gravitational influence from the galaxies nearby • they have many sizes

17. Life Cycle of Galaxies • in Cold Dark Matter, groups of dark matter breaks away due to a gravitational force from the gradual expanse of the Universe • each segment, which is the size of a galaxy, will eventually become its own individual galaxy in a certain part of the Universe • when the segment is first formed, matter falls towards its center because of the gravitational pull it emits, which forms the great star that will form a black hole in the middle • the angular momentum of the matter forms the orbit and slanted figure of the galaxy

18. Physical Characteristics • galaxies appear in many forms depending on the type • however, all galaxies have color, some being more bright and vibrant than others • some galaxies show its core and then arms of spirals curving around it • others just basically have a simple oval – shape figure of light • also, galaxies could also appear as scattered, small circles in space

19. Galaxy Facts • galaxies are the largest structures in the Universe • there are billions of galaxies in the visible Universe • every galaxy contains hundreds of millions or even billions of stars • the number of galaxies in an average galactic group is 50 or less • dwarf galaxies are extremely difficult to see and are the most abundant type in the Universe • we can study galaxies within about 14 billion light years away

20. To go to a Galaxy and Life Existing There • if you were to go to a galaxy, you would see many interesting galactic objects • while nearing a galaxy in your spaceship, you would see the strange but great appearance of a galaxy • inside, the bright light of stars would be visible constantly through the galaxy • you might possibly see asteroids, planets, or other forms of matter • many forms of life can exist in galaxies • our human life is living on the planet Earth because it is adapted to the resources on the planet to keep life • on other planets, the appearance of life would be different than humans, depending on the planet it lives on in the galaxy • it would be able to live under the conditions of the planet

21. Dark Matter History and Timeline • Swiss astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky first proposed dark matter existed • dark matter was discovered because of the gravitational forces that it exerts • it was found in the empty spaces that was just thought to be matter of specialized atoms • 1930 – discovery of dark matter by Fritz Zwicky • 1970 – discovery of flat galaxy rotation, continuing the study of dark matter’s gravity • 1980 – most astronomers become convinced that dark matter is only located around galaxies • 1984 – Cold Dark Matter (CMD) theory is proposed • 1992 – COBE telescope discovers CMD movements • 1998 – more evidence on dark energy is proposed • 2010 – dark matter particles are discovered

22. Creation of Dark Matter and Location • dark matter is created from extremely tiny cosmic particles • these particles hold together all the elements that we know today • the particles formed together during the creation of galaxies to create dark matter • the particles ware attracted to light, so they formed when all the objects of the Universe emitting light were being created • this is why dark matter is located by stars, black holes, galaxies, and other matter in space

23. Size and Density Composition, Temperature, and Atmosphere • dark matter is only in large clumps • it can’t be bigger than one-tenth the mass of Earth • dark matter does not weigh anything; however, today, 23% of the Universe is dark matter • dark matter consists of cosmic particles held together by gravity and the energy of light • the temperature of dark matter ranges from absolute zero to the hundred thousands of degrees • dark matter has no atmosphere because of its composition

24. Types of Dark Matter • hot dark matter is basically just the name, hot dark matter • its particles are heated because of the location its in • cold dark matter is cold cosmic particles that form into dark matter because of its location

25. Life Cycle of Dark Matter • dark matter started to form when galaxies began to form extremely long ago • the light and gravity newly formed from the new matter in the Universe attracted cosmic particles • they then grouped together to form dark matter all over the Universe • it stays in clumps of fairly large sizes until the eventual decay of the particles takes place • this will cause the clumps to break apart and the other particles will lose energy and completely die off

26. Physical Characteristics of Dark Matter • dark matter appears in clumps of itself around the Universe • dark matter appears in many different colors • they are bright matter of a mysterious form • some dark matter is even invisible and completely undetectable • they look life clusters of many tiny dots that stay in a deformed shape

27. Facts on Dark Matter • Fritz Zwicky first proposed dark matter's existence in 1933 • many different temperatures • 13.7 billion years ago, 63% of the Universe consisted of dark matter; now, only around 23% of our universe is dark matter • we cannot detect dark matter because it goes through everything • we still don’t know much about dark matter to this day

28. To go to Dark Matter and to Live There • if you were to go to dark matter, you might have some trouble finding it because of some forms of dark matter’s invisibility • when you go there, you may be vaporized by the heat; you may be frozen from the cold; or you may be able to stay on your spaceship and life inside of a dark matter clump at the perfect temperature • if you go to dark matter with the correct temperature, you can live there, but it would either be inside your spaceship or just floating around in a spacesuit because it is not solid; there is no surface and it will go right through you

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