Table of Contents Chapter Preview 1.1 Thinking Like a Scientist 1.2 The Study of Life 1.3 Scientific Inquiry 1.4 Safety in the Laboratory Chapter Preview 6.1 Human Inheritance 6.2 Human Genetic Disorders 6.3 Advances in Genetics • 6.1 Human Inheritance • 6.2 Human Genetic Disorders • 6.3 Advances in Genetics

Chapter Preview Questions • 1. From each parent, offspring inherit • a. half their phenotypes. • b. half their traits. • c. half their genes. • d. half their chromosomes.

Chapter Preview Questions • 2. Plant and animal cells typically have • a. three copies of every gene. • b. two copies of every gene. • c. varying copies of every gene. • d. one copy of every gene.

Chapter Preview Questions • 3. The genetic material of living organisms is • a. cytoplasm. • b. mitochondria. • c. chromosomes. • d. DNA.

Chapter Preview Questions • 4. The chromosomes of each cell in an organism are where • a. DNA is located. • b. sexual reproduction occurs. • c. gender identity is determined. • d. photosynthesis takes place.

Supposeyouhave a friendwho • doesn’thavefreckles. Both of her • biologicalparentshavefreckles. • Thealleleforfrecklesisdominant. • What can youinferaboutthe • genotype of yourfriend’sparents? • Explainyouranswer. How are traits inherited in people?

High-Use Academic Words adj. Usual, typical, expected Its normal to feel nervous about going to a new school. normal

High-Use Academic Words n. The way in which parts of something are connected You have learned the basic structure of plant and animal cells. structure

High-Use Academic Words v. To influence; to produce a change in Scientists are looking for ways to treat diseases that affect people. affect

High-Use Academic Words n. A special way of doing something, a method, a procedure There are special techniques for balancing on a skateboard. technique

Apply It! Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1. People’s diets can their health. affect 2. Doctors have developed a new for doing heart surgery. technique 3. A(n) body temperature in a human is about 37°C. normal

Section 1: Human Inheritance • What are some patterns of inheritance in humans? • What are the functions of the sex chromosomes? • What is the relationship between genes and the environment?

CH 6.1 HUMAN GENETICS • SINGLE GENES: SOME TRAITS ARE CONTROLLED BY A SINGLE GENE WITH TWO ALLELES (WIDOWS PEAK, FREE OR ATTACHED EAR LOBES, DIMPLES, and CLEFT CHIN).

MULTIPLE ALLELES: SOME TRAITS CAN BE CONTROLLED BY A SINGLE GENE WITH MORE THAN TWO ALLELES. A PERSON WILL ONLY HAVE TWO ALLELES BECAUSE CHROMOSOMES OCCUR IN PAIRS.

BLOOD TYPES

Inheritance of Blood Type • Blood type is determined by a single gene with three alleles. This chart shows which combinations of alleles result in each blood type.

SEX LINKED GENES: • SEX LINKED GENES: GENES ON THE X AND Y • CHROMOSOME (23rd PAIR) ARE SEX LINKED. • RED-GREEN COLORBLINDNESS • HEMOPHILIA • BALDNESS • Red-green colorblindness is a sex-linked trait. A girl who receives only one recessive allele (written Xc) for red-green colorblindness will not have the trait. However, a boy who receives one recessive allele will be colorblind.

The Sex Chromosomes • The sex chromosomes carry genes that determine whether a person is male or female. They also carry genes that determine other traits.

Colorblindness Punnett Square • Red-green colorblindness is a sex-linked trait. A girl who receives only one recessive allele (written Xc) for red-green colorblindness will not have the trait. However, a boy who receives one recessive allele will be colorblind.

Section 2: Human Genetic Disorders • What are two major causes of genetic disorders in humans? • How do geneticists trace the inheritance of traits? • How are genetic disorder diagnosed and treated?

A Pedigree • A pedigree is a chart or “family tree” that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait.

Genetic Disorders • SOME COMMON GENETIC DISORDERS ARE: • DOWNS SYNDROME (EXTRA 21st CHROMOSOME). • HEMOPHILIA (MISSING BLOOD CLOTTING PROTIEN). • CYSTIC FIBROSIS (MUCUS FILLED LUNGS). • SICKLE CELL ANEMIA (ABNORMAL HEMOGLOBIN). • HUNTINGTONS DISEASE

TOURETTS SYNDROME • TURNERS SYNDROME • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aowhL33lTDs • TRISOMY 18 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCe5zCrgFcU

A Hemophilia Pedigree • The pedigree shows the inheritance of hemophilia, a sex-linked disorder in a family.

Section 3: Advances in Genetics • What are three ways of producing organisms with desired traits? • What are two applications of DNA technology in human genetics?

7. WAYS TO DIAGNOSE GENETIC PROBLEMS: • GENETIC COUNSELING • AMNIOCENTESIS • KARYOTYPING

AMNIOCENTESIS &KARYOTYPING

Changing Rice Production • The graph shows how worldwide rice production changed between 1965 and 2000. New, hybrid varieties of rice plants are one factor that has affected the amount of rice produced.

Rice production increased. Reading Graphs: According to the graph, how did rice production change between 1965 and 2000? Changing Rice Production

2 in 1965; 4 in 2000 Reading Graphs: How many metric tons of rice per hectare were produced in 1965? How many were produced in 2000? Changing Rice Production

2 metric tons/hectare Calculating: Calculate the approximate difference between rice production in 1965 and 2000. Changing Rice Production

Possible answer: fertilizers and improved harvesting methods Developing Hypotheses: What factors besides new varieties of plants might help account for the difference in rice production between 1965 and 2000? Changing Rice Production

6.3 Genetic Engineering • Scientists use genetic engineering to create bacterial cells that produce important human proteins such as insulin.

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