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Chapter 18

Chapter 18. Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration. Overview. It was not until the 11 th century that nomadic peoples like the Turks and Mongols began to raid, conquer, rule, and trade.

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Chapter 18

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  1. Chapter 18 Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

  2. Overview • It was not until the 11th century that nomadic peoples like the Turks and Mongols began to raid, conquer, rule, and trade. • These Nomadic people built vast transregional empires that laid the foundations for the increasing communication and exchange that would characterize the period from 1000 to 1500 in the eastern hemisphere.

  3. Turkish Nomads • Turkish peoples were nomadic herders; organized into clans with related languages • Central Asia's steppes: good for grazing, little rain, few rivers • Nomads depended on their animals. (food, trade)

  4. Turkish Empires Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid empire • Lived on borders of the Abbasid realm, mid-eighth to mid-tenth centuries • Moved further in and served in Abbasid armies thereafter • Overshadowed the Abbasid caliphs by the mid-eleventh century • Extended Turkish rule to Syria, Palestine, and other parts of the realm

  5. Saljuq Map

  6. Turkish Empires Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine empire • Migrated in large numbers to Anatolia, early eleventh century • Defeated Byzantine army at Manzikert in 1071 • Transformed Anatolia into an Islamic society

  7. The Mongol Empires • Chinggis Khan ("universal ruler") unified Mongol tribes through alliance and conquests • Organized new military units and broke up tribal affiliations • Chose high officials based on talent and loyalty • Established capital at Karakorum • Horsemanship, archers, mobility, psychological warfare

  8. Mongol Map

  9. The Mongol Empires • Mongol conquest of northern China • Mongols raided the Jurchen in north China beginning in 1211 • Controlled north China by 1220 • South China was still ruled by the Song dynasty

  10. The Mongol Empires • Chinggis Khan tried to open trade and diplomatic relations with Saljuq leader Khwarazm shah, the ruler of Persia, 1218 • Upon being rejected, Mongol forces destroyed Persian cities and qanat • Chinggis died in 1227, laid foundation for a mighty empire

  11. The Mongol Empires • Division of the Mongol empires: heirs divide into four regional empires

  12. The Mongol Empires Khubilai Khan • Chinggis Khan's grandson, consolidated Mongol rule in China • Promoted Buddhism, supported Daoists, Muslims, and Christians • Khubilai extended Mongol rule to all of China • Song capital at Hangzhou fell in 1276, Yuan Dynasty founded in 1279

  13. Mongol Domination • Group of Mongols overran Russia between 1237 and 1241 • Further overran Poland, Hungary, and eastern Germany, 1241-1242 • Captured Baghdad in 1258

  14. PERSIAN Group Activity • You will be assigned one of the letters in the PERSIAN chart. • As a group you will research information relating to your topic for 5 different societies. • Byzantine, Abbasid, Tang, Delhi Sultanate, Mongol

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