American History One Unit Four

1. American History One Unit Four Antebellum America

2. How did the forces of nationalism, sectionalism and expansionism impact the United States (1801-1850)?

3. Nationalism is…….. • The desire for political independence. • Patriotism: proud loyalty and devotion to a nation • Excessive or fanatical devotion to a nation and its interests, often associated with the belief that one country is superior to all other nations.

4. EQ: How did the forces of nationalism impact the United States (1812-1850)? • James Monroe’s “Era of Good Feelings” • Supported the American System

5. post War of 1812 • widespread nationalism, victory against British • no political division, only one party, Democratic-Republican party • Democratic-Republican leaders see need for stronger federal government

6. Henry Clay’s American System

7. National Bank • Protective Tariffs • Infrastructure improvements (roads and canals)

8. The Second National Bank • Democratic-Republicans opposed to First National Bank did not re-charter it in 1811 • Financial problems • State and private banks expanded lending issued own bank notes • Interest rates increased during War of 1812, federal government borrowed more • No regulatory action by government to stop practices

9. Democratic-Republicans opposed to First National Bank did not re-charter it in 1811 • Financial problems • State and private banks expanded lending issued own bank notes • Interest rates increased during War of 1812, federal government borrowed more • No regulatory action by government to stop practices

10. 1816 Congress chartered the Second National Bank for twenty years • Located in Philadelphia, Pa. • Bank had capital of $35 million, of that sum $7 million from the government • Bank was to provide large-scale financing that state banks could not handle- and create a strong national currency • 1816- Republicans saw that strong commercial interests rivaled the interests of farmers

11. The Panic of 1819 • A delayed economic reaction to the War of 1812 • Americans forced to see their economic place in a peaceful world • British trade ships routes after War of 1812 ended- end of American shipping boom • European farm production recovered from Napoleonic Wars- international demand for American food crops dropped • Domestic economic problems made economy worse • Western land boom, 1815, moved into a speculative frenzy

12. Land sales 1 million acres 1815- 3.5 million acres in 1818 • Land in Mississippi and Alabama used for cotton production sold for $100/acre • Settlers bought on credit- many loans from small state “wildcat” banks • Second National Bank in 1819 made state banks foreclose on bad loans • Many small farmers ruined- lost land- blamed the Second National Bank for problems • Urban workers hurt by decline in international trade and industrial failures because of competition from British imports • Workers lobbied for local relief- became involved in urban politics- expressed resentment against merchants and factory owners who laid them off

13. Southern planters hurt by a drop in the price of cotton- protested the Tariff of 1816-kept prices of imported goods high even with cotton prices low • Manufacturers hurt by British competition lobbied Congress for an increase in tariff rates • Panic of 1819- a symbol of a transitional time in the U.S.- South expressed doubts in a political system in which they were outvoted • All groups hurt by the depression, farmers, urban workers, manufacturers, and Southern planters became increasingly more active in politics

14. The Tariff of 1816 • Embargo of goods during War of 1812 allowed US manufacturing to grow • War over, US manufacturers had to compete with cheap goods from Britain • Protective tariff • Opposed by New England shippers and Southern planters

15. The view of the government on internal improvements • Madison vetoed bill for federal internal improvement plan. • The Constitution did not expressly authorize the federal spending on road and canal construction.

16. Nationalism and the Judicial Branch • Chief Justice John Marshall

17. Martin vs. Hunter’s Lessee, 1816 • Virginia law that banned the inheritance of land by an enemy ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court • Virginia law in conflict with the Treaty of Paris, 1783, which required states to restore land taken from the loyalists. • The decision established that the Supreme Court was the court of final appeals.

18. McCulloch vs. Maryland, 1819 • The decision of the Supreme Court was that the federal government was supreme, no state government could interfere with an agency of the federal government. • Taxation of the National Bank by the state of Maryland was a form of interference, therefore, unconstitutional

19. Gibbons vs. Ogden, 1824 • Supreme Court ruled that the federal government had the power to regulate interstate trade. • States had the power to regulate trade within the state. • The decision was written so that commerce included anything that crossed state borders.

20. Election of 1816 • James Monroe elected over Federalist Rufus King • Last election in which Federalists ran a candidate • Monroe ran unopposed in 1820 • John Q. Adams (former Federalist) chosen as secretary of state- all but assured Adams would become president • Chose John C. Calhoun as secretary of war

21. Nationalism and Diplomacy • Problems withGeneral Andrew Jackson • Sec. of State John Q. Adams • Spanish Florida

22. John Q. Adams worked to firmly establish U.S. borders • Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 fixed the U.S. Canadian border at the 49th parallel and • Convention of 1818 allowed the U.S. and the British to jointly claim Oregon • U.S. claimed present day British Columbia, Washington state, Oregon, Northern Idaho, and parts of Montana based on the discovery of the Columbia River in 1792 by Robert Gray and the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-06

23. In the early 1800s, runaway slaves went to Spanish Florida. • The Seminole Indians used Florida as a base to raid American settlements in Georgia • The Spanish not able to control the border • Sec. of War John C. Calhoun sent Gen. Andrew Jackson into Florida to stop the Seminole raids.

24. Jackson burnt several villages, seized the Spanish settlements of St. Marks and Pensacola, and removed the Spanish governor from power. • The Spanish government demanded Jackson be punished. • Sec. of State John Q. Adams defended Jackson’s actions, the cause of the problem was the inability of the Spanish to keep order.

25. The Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 • Sec. of State Adams used the events in Florida to pressure Spanish to negotiate the border between the US and Florida. • Spain gave Florida to the United States and finalized the western border of the Louisiana Territory.

26. Monroe Doctrine,1823 • Monroe Doctrine declared that the Americas were no longer open to any new European colonization. • US could not really back up the Monroe Doctrine if challenged. • Monroe Doctrine set up lasting policy of America stopping European influence in Latin American political affairs

27. Monroe Doctrine followed President Washington’s guidelines of avoiding entangling alliances in European power struggles.

29. Nationalism and transportation, invention, and innovation

30. Erie Canal • Video Clip • The Erie Canal was completed in 1825. • The Erie Canal connected Buffalo and Albany, NY. • The Erie Canal connected Lake Erie and the Hudson River.

32. The National Road, 1806-1818

33. Congress funded the construction of the National Road in 1806. • The National Road started in Cumberland, Md. • The road reached Wheeling, Va. by 1818. • Livestock and produced traveled east and migrating settlers travelled west in Conestoga wagons.

35. Robert Fulton, Robert Livingston, and the Clermont

36. River travel was faster, cheaper, and more efficient. • Barges could hold more coal and grain. • Loaded barge only travel downstream • 1807, Fulton and Livingston, steamship Clermont, steamed up the Hudson River 150 miles from NY City to Albany in 32 hours • Steamboats made travel reliable, could travel longer distances in either direction.

37. Steamboats on the Great Lakes and up and down the Mississippi River

38. Peter Cooper and Tom ThumbRailroads

39. Peter Cooper built American engine on British design • 1830, Cooper’s Tom Thumb pulled first passenger train • Travelled at 10 mph for 13 miles, Baltimore to Ellicot City, Maryland • Trains were faster than stagecoach or wagon • Cold travel inland where steamboats could not

40. TRAINS OPENED THE WEST TO SETTLEMENT AND EXPANDED TRADE BETWEEN REGIONS

41. Effects of the Transportation Revolution • New transportation systems fueled economic growth • Successes of canals and railroads attracted huge capital investments ($ used to start or expand a business), much it from foreign investors- $500 million 1790-1861 • Transportation revolution created an optimistic, risk-taking mentality in the U.S. which led to innovation and invention • Transportation revolution allowed people and products to move with ease • Americans moved farther and more often than before • Disease moved with them- epidemics once localized in seaports spread as travel expanded • 1832 and 1849, Cholera epidemic in New York City devastated the city and then traveled the Erie Canal and other western transportation networks to inland cities- St. Louis and Cincinnati- these lost 10% of their population

42. East to west roads, canals, railroads reoriented Americans away from the Atlantic toward the heartland • Focus inland was a key part in the creation of national pride and identity • Erie Canal and the National Road linked Americans in larger communities of interest- beyond the local communities where they lived • Improved transportation made possible the larger market upon which commercialization and industrialization depended

43. Market Revolution • Market revolution = most fundamental change American communities ever experienced • Market revolution depended upon three interrelated developments • -rapid improvement in transportation • -commercialization • -industrialization • Commercialization = replacement of household sufficiency and barter with the production of goods for a cash market • Industrialization = the use of power driven machinery to produce goods once made by hand

44. Capital • Capital ($ used to start or expand a business) was needed • Capital in the greatest amounts was in the Northeast • Profits made from shipping, cotton textiles, and the banking industry • Much of the capital came from banks • Growth of Southern cotton produced capital for Northeast merchants and bankers • American merchants were willing to “think big” and risk money to develop large domestic markets due in large part to American nationalism • Confidence in the future because of pride in the potential of the new and expanding nation

45. Putting Out System • Cottage industry- products made at home- early industrial model- members of the family made the whole product • Early business investment not in machinery but in the “putting out system” – people worked at home under the direction of a merchant who “put out” the raw materials to them, paid them a sum of money for the finished product- product then sold to a distant market • The putting out system had a division of labor- unskilled workers made only part of the finished product in large quantities for low per-piece wages • Moved control of production from the individual artisan household to the merchant capitalist who controlled labor costs, production goals, and style to fit specific markets • Production for a large national market due to improved transportation 1820-1840

46. Commercial Markets • “Putting out” system took independence from individual artisans • Did help New England farmers- able to combine “putting out” with domestic work- per-piece wages a new source of income • With new income, able to purchase mass-produced goods- not take time to make goods themselves • Farm families moved from the barter system into the larger market economy • Commercialization = replacement of barter by a cash economy- did not happen all at once nor uniformly across the nation • Fixed prices for goods produced by the new ideas of specialization and division of labor started along established trade routes • Rural areas continued in the old economic ways • Farming frontiers were commercial from the start • The cash market was a factor in westward expansion

47. The Effects of the Market Revolution • Market Revolution brought major and lasting change • Proportion of wage laborers in the nation went from 12% in 1800 to 40% by 1860 • Most wage labor was employed in the North- almost half were women performing outwork in homes • Artisans moved from independent workers to wage labor • Industrialization posed a threat to the status and independence of men

48. Mechanization meant most tasks could be performed by unskilled labor • Unskilled labor received lower wages • Skilled trades, shoemaking, weaving, silversmithing, pottery making, and cabinet making were filled with unskilled, low paid workers – did one specialized operation or tended machinery • Artisans reduced to wage labor • Women hired in putting-out system- males opposed to women in the workforce- lower own wages

49. Preindustrial vs. Industrial work • Preindustrial- worker had flexibility, not found on the factory floor • Workers had to adjust to the constant pace of factory work • -long work days and weeks were not a problem- same existed on the farm • -did have to adjust to not stopping work to do something else • Slater Mills- workers often took 2 hours off to go berry picking or attend to other business • Slater insisted on a 12 hour day- parents often demanded children be sent home at sunset- the traditional end of the workday

50. Factory workers got used to having lives regulated by the factory bell • Absenteeism was a problem as was stealing • Workers saw themselves as a separate community from the owner- owner controlled their time • Time was divided into two separate activities- work and leisure • Preindustrial era, work and leisure were blended by farmers and artisans- place of work, usually at home- possible to stop, chat, or have a drink with a friend