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History of China & Taiwan

History of China & Taiwan. Before civil war & 1949…. Content. History of Taiwan History of China Chinese Civil War. History of Taiwan (Pre-1600s to 1662). Pre-1600s: Settled by people of Malay-Polynesian descent 1600s: Named as “ Ilha Formosa” (meaning: Beautiful Island)

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History of China & Taiwan

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  1. History of China & Taiwan Before civil war & 1949…

  2. Content • History of Taiwan • History of China • Chinese Civil War

  3. History of Taiwan (Pre-1600s to 1662) • Pre-1600s: • Settled by people of Malay-Polynesian descent • 1600s: • Named as “Ilha Formosa” (meaning: Beautiful Island) • Dutch occupation: 1624-1662 • 1662: Koxinga (郑成功) defeated the Dutch • Island used to support his grand campaign against Manchu-ruled Qing Dynasty • Seemed to foreshadow the civil war around 3 centuries later

  4. History of Taiwan (1662-1800s) • Remained a loose-lying area for the next 200 years • Manchu attempted to extend their control, but to no avail • Every three years an uprising, every five years a rebellion.” • 1800s: • 1870s: Taiwanese pirates captured American, Japanese & French ships • Manchu Emperor: “"Taiwan is beyond our territory."

  5. History of Taiwan (Late 1800s) • 1884-1845: • French invasion of Northern territory • 1887: Manchu Imperial authorities declared Taiwan to be “province” of Empire • Wanted to outmaneuver Japanese’s expanding influence • 1895: Sino-Japanese War (甲午战争) • Treaty of Shimonoseki: Taiwan ceded to Japan forever • Taiwan was an occupied part of Imperial China for only eightyears • Declaration of Republic of Taiwan in 25 May 1895

  6. History of Taiwan (1895-1945) • Japanese Occupation: • Incorrupt Japanese • Major contributions to Education, Infrastructure, Transportation, Industry etc. • 1943 Cairo Conference: • Agreed that Taiwan be “returned to (Nationalist) China” • No Taiwan representatives were present • 1945 (End of WWII): • Chiang’s troops “temporarily occupy Taiwan, on behalf of the Allied forces.”

  7. History of China (2100 BC- 1945) • 2100 BC-1911: • Ancient Civilisation since Xia Dynasty till fall of Imperialism in 1911 • 1911 XinHai Revolution: • 10 October: Wuchang Uprising (武昌起义) • Formation of provisional government of Republic of China in Nanjing on 12 March 1912 • 1920s-1945: • Ruled by KMT, under Chiang Kai-shek • CPC: Led by Mao Zedong, had great influence over China

  8. Chinese Civil War • Began in April 1927 (Northern Expedition) • KMT’s military campaign towards fall of Beiyang Government • Ideological split between KMT & CPC • 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1931-1945): • Interruption of Chinese Civil War • Led to cooperation between both parties • Post Sino-Japanese War: • Balance of power in favour of Communists • 1.2 million troops, 19 base areas of “Liberated Zones”, ¼ of country’s territory, 1/3 of population

  9. Events of Chinese Civil War • 20th July 1946: • KMT’s large assault on Communist • CPC: • Knew their disadvantages in manpower and equipment • Executed “Passive Defense” strategy • Avoided strong points of KMT army, prepared to abandon territory to preserve their forces • Attempted to wear out KMT forces • March 1947: • KMT’s symbolic victory over CPC’s capital of Yan’an • Late 1948: • CPC captured Shenyang & Changchun • New First Army (KMT’s best army) had to surrender • CPC’s subsequent victories in Liaoshen, Huaihai & Pingjin campaign

  10. Events of Chinese Civil War • 21st April 1949: • Crossing of Yangtze river by CPC • 23rd April 1949: • Capture of Nanjing, capital of KMT • 1st October: • Proclamation of People’s Republic of China (PRC) • 10th December: • Retreat of KMT to Taipei, proclaimed as capital of Republic of China (ROC) • Continued assertion of his government as sole legitimate authority in China

  11. Sino-Taiwan Relations Today

  12. Also known as Cross-strait relations, a more neutral term • The legal and political status of Taiwan has become more and more controversial, due to the expression of Taiwan independence, which was formerly outlawed. • In 2008, negotiations between mainland China and Taiwan have led to the restoration of the “three links”, namely transportation, commerce, and communications which have been cut off since 1949, when the dispute started.

  13. 1998-2008: Hostile non-contact • Chen Shui-bian, who was elected President of the Republic of China (ROC) [Taiwan] in 2000, is a strong advocator of Taiwan independence, but Hu Jintao, who became President of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) [mainland China] in 2003 believed in the “one China” principle • In 2005, the National People’s Congress passed the Anti-Secession Law, which formalized “non-peaceful means” as an option in response to Taiwan’s declaration of independence • However, the PRC is also open to negotiations on the basis of equal status, and further refrained from imposing the “one China” policy as a precondition for talks

  14. 2008-present: Resumption of high level contact • Both Hu Jintao & Ma Ying-jeou, current ROC president, agree that the 1992 Consensus is the basis of negotiations between both sides • There is a “step-by-step” movement to relax restrictions on mainland China investment • For example, mainland Chinese investors are currently allowed to invest in Taiwan’s money markets, which had been disabled since 1949 • With investments made in Taiwan, war is less likely to break out • However, it is still believed that a “Taiwan identity” does not equate to “Taiwan independence” and a report from Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense claimed that the PRC would still invade Taiwan should it declare independence, suffer from civil chaos or develop WMDs

  15. Case-Study 1: Peaceful & bearable relations • A pair of pandas was presented to Taiwan by mainland China and went on display in the Taipei Zoo during the Chinese New year • The pandas have names which combine to spell “reunion”, which is in a sense China urging Taiwan to have more economic ties with China and not to push for independence that greatly • Though this is still a sign from China to urge Taiwan to submit to her and not keep on pushing for independence, it symbolizes that tensions between both sides have relatively eased, and both sides are promoting better relations such as greater economic ties, which is effective in preventing armed conflicts between both sides • Statistics: 40% of Taiwan’s exports go to Hong Kong & China, and a new trade deal between PRC and ROC have lead to better relations between the two sides

  16. Case-Study 2: Military Situation (tensions remain high) • China continues to keep at least 1300 missiles pointed at Taiwan and is ready to utilize these missiles should Taiwan try to declare independence • Taiwan also continues to spend more money on defense and purchase weapons from countries such as USA • From the time frame of 1998 – 2005, Taiwan bought $13.9 billion worth of arms and in 2007, another $190million to spend on defense was approved • While cross-strait relations is on an all-time high, it is undoubted that there are still tensions and suspicions between both sides till today

  17. China VS Taiwan General, Political, Economic, Social

  18. General It must be noted that although the population density of China is lower than that of Taiwan, much of China’s rural areas are sparsely populated, with many people living in more developed cities. On the other hand, Taiwan’s population is more evenly distributed. Thus, the busier Cities of China have a higher population density than Taiwan. http://international.loc.gov/intldl/naxihtml/images/china.jpg http://www.state.gov/img/09/34765/taiwan_map_2009worldfactbook_300_1.jpg

  19. Political http://history.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/upload/upfiles/2009-12/28/chiang_kaishek_jiang_jieshi__first_president_of_the_republic_of_china715643613a0909945ea6.jpg http://www.halfglance.com/wp-content/gallery/blogs/mao_zedong.jpg

  20. Economic As can be seen from the table, although China has a significantly larger GDP and trade volume, due to its large population however, the GDP per capita is much lower than that of Taiwan. This reveals that on the average, Chinese are poorer than Taiwanese. Furthermore, China has been lagging behind Taiwan by a couple of decades in starting land reforms.

  21. Economic • One main difference to note in the GDP composition of the two countries is that much of China’s GDP comes from the agriculture sector and lesser from the service sector while Taiwan is just about the opposite.

  22. Social On the whole, it can be seen that there is a higher standard of living in Taiwan. Taiwan has a higher literacy rate, lower infant mortality rate and longer life expectancy. This shows that more Taiwanese than Chinese receive proper education. The infant mortality rate of China is thrice that of Taiwan, and the life expectancy of Taiwanese is longer than Chinese. Thus, this shows that health care services in China is less developed than that in Taiwan, thereby resulting in more deaths.

  23. How it affects the USA • The Taiwan Relations Act • is an act of the United States Congress passed in 1979 after the establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the breaking of relations between the United States and the Republic of China (ROC) on the island of Taiwan by President Jimmy Carter. • It more clearly defines the American position on Taiwan and its cross-strait relationship with Beijing. 

  24. The PRC views the Taiwan Relations Act as "an unwarranted intrusion by the United States into the internal affairs of China.“ •  The Three Joint Communiques were signed in 1972, 1979, and 1982. • The United States declared that the United States would not formally recognize PRC's sovereignty over Taiwan as part of the Six Assurances offered to Taipei in 1982.

  25. Sources • All tables are cited from a PowerPoint by the University of Mississippi • https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html • https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tw.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density • www.olemiss.edu/courses/pol387/mainldtw.ppt • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations • http://nextbigfuture.com/2010/05/china-and-taiwan-relations-update.html • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/15/AR2008011501347.html • http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-01-25-china-taiwan_N.htm

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