An Integrated English Course Book 4

1. An Integrated English Course Book 4 Unit Sixteen

2. Text I The Story of an Eyewitness • How do you understand the title? • Who is this eyewitness? What do you know about him or her? • What is the story about?

3. Background information • About the article (Note 1) • About the author (Note 2) • About the city, San Francisco (旧金山) • --the fourth largest city in California and the 14th largest in the United States; the second most densely populated major city in the US. • Located on the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula, surrounded on three sides by the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay.

5. San Francisco

6. About the 1906 San Francisco earthquake Burning of San Francisco, Mission District

7. Basic information • Date April 18, 1906 • Magnitude 7.8 Mw (矩震级Moment magnitude scale） • Depth: 80 Kilometers • Epicenter location: San Francisco • Countries/regions affected United States (San Francisco Bay Area) • Casualties: 3,000 killed

8. San Francisco earthquake of 1906 The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 was a major earthquake that struck San Francisco, California and the coast of Northern California at 5:12 A.M. on Wednesday, April 18, 1906. The most widely accepted estimate for the magnitude of the earthquake is a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.8; however, other values have been proposed from 7.7 to as high as 8.3.

9. The main shock epicenter occurred offshore about 2 miles (3 km) from the city, near Mussel Rock. It ruptured along the San Andreas Fault both northward and southward for a total length of 296 miles (477 km). Shaking was felt from Oregon to Los Angeles, and inland as far as central Nevada. The earthquake and resulting fire is remembered as one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States. The death toll from the earthquake and resulting fire, estimated to be above 3,000, represents the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California's history. The economic impact has been compared with the more recent Hurricane Katrina disaster. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake)

10. Subsequent fires (1) As damaging as the earthquake and its aftershocks were, the fires that burned out of control afterward were much more destructive. It has been estimated that as much as 90% of the total destruction was a result from the subsequent fires. Due to the nearly universal practice of insurers to indemnify (赔偿) San Francisco properties from fire but not earthquake damage, most damage within the city was blamed on the fires.

11. Subsequent fires (2) It is probable, due to the extreme magnitude of the earthquake and the poor buildings standards of the time, that a majority of structures destroyed that day were initially destroyed from the movement of the earth before succumbing to fire. Fires broke out in many parts of town, some initially fueled by natural gas mains broken by the quake. Other fires were the result of arson（纵火） and campfires set by evacuees.

12. Worst of all, many were set when firefighters untrained in the use of dynamite attempted to dynamite buildings to create firebreaks（防火道）, which resulted in the destruction of more than half of buildings that would have otherwise survived. The fire chief, who would have been responsible, had died in the initial quake. The dynamited buildings themselves often caught fire. The fires lasted for four days and nights.

13. Subsequent fires (3) Some property owners set fire to their damaged buildings because most insurance policies covered fire losses while prohibiting payment if the building had only sustained earthquake damage. This effort was futile, as wealthier citizens of the city were burdened with the cost of repairing an estimated 80% of the city.

14. Subsequent fires (4) Captain Leonard D. Wildman of the U.S. Army Signal Corps （美国陆军通讯兵连） reported that he "was stopped by a fireman who told me that people in that neighborhood were firing their houses... They were told that they would not get their insurance on buildings damaged by the earthquake unless they were damaged by fire.”

15. Text Comprehension and Structure • What is the author’s purpose of writing? • What’s the main idea of the text? • What type of writing is the text? How many parts can the text be divided into? • Can you locate the topical sentence of this text? (p. 252)

16. purpose of writing • (p. 251) • To describe how the city was completely destroyed by the earthquake and the great fire.

17. Main idea • (p. 252) • The text tells us the serious consequences of the conflagrations after the earthquake.

18. Narration; 3 parts • Part I (Paragraphs 1-3)--gives a brief introduction to what happened in San Francisco in 1906 . • Part II (Paragraphs 4-13) -- gives a detailed description of what the author saw on Wednesday morning, afternoon and night. • Part III (Paragraphs 14-16) -- tells the reader what the author witnessed on the next day.

19. Topical sentence • Refer to Paragraph 1: • There is no estimating within hundreds of millions the actual damage wrought. • How do you understand this sentence? • Paraphrase: The actual damage the earthquake and the conflagration brought must be more than hundreds of millions of dollars. OR: It is impossible to estimate the actual damage caused by the earthquake.

20. Part I (Paragraphs 1-3) • The first three paragraphs serve as a general introduction to what happened in San Francisco in 1906.

21. Language work 1. shake down:摇落, 临时搭铺, 适应新环境-- cause to descend by shaking; bring down • He shook some pears down from the tree. • You will soon shakedown at the new post.你很快就会适应新的工作岗位的。 • The police shook down the apartment for clues to the murder. (俚)警察彻底搜查公寓,寻找谋杀案的线索。 • The crooks shook down the shopkeepers for extortion money. (俚)流氓向店主们索取保护费。

22. conflagration -- an extensive fire which destroys a great deal of land or property大火灾 • 星星之火足以燎原。 • A small fire without care gives rise to a conflagration.

23. 3. There is no estimating within hundreds of millions the actual damage wrought.: -- The actual damage the earthquake and the conflagration brought must be more than hundreds of millions of dollars. OR: It is impossible to estimate the actual damage caused by the earthquake. • There is no doing sth… • There is no telling what he will do. 他要干什么不好说。 • There is no mentioning the exact number of the victims in the accident.事故中受害者的确切人数没有提及。

24. wipe out -- destroy completely; demolish • wipe out the enemy’s major military targets • Doctors are searching for a cure that will wipeout cancer. • 医生们正在寻找消灭癌症的医疗方法

25. ... this lurid tower swayed in the sky, reddening the sun, darkening the day, and filling the land with smoke.: -- the fire, moving back and forth slowly, made the sun redder and the sky darker and covered the land with smoke. sway: to move back and forth or sideways • The branches of the trees were swaying in the wind. 树枝在风中摇晃。

26. Questions for discussion 1) Why does the San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1906 rank among the most destructive earthquakes of all time? 2) What rhetorical devices did the author use to describe the damage to all sections of San Francisco in Paragraph 2? 3) Which brought more destructive damage to the city, the earthquake or the following conflagration? 4) When did the earthquake occur and howlong did the conflagration last?

27. 1) Why does the San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1906 rank among the most destructive earthquakes of all time? • Because this earthquake brought hundreds of millions of dollars worth of damage and completely destroyed the famous modern imperial city of San Francisco. The only dwelling houses left were those on its outskirts.

28. 2) What rhetorical devices did the author use to describe the damage to all sections of San Francisco in Paragraph 2? • He used such rhetorical devices as inversion and parallelism. For example, • Inversion: • Not in history has a modern imperial city been so completely destroyed. • Remains only the fringe of dwelling houses on the outskirts of what was once San Francisco.

29. Parallelism: • San Francisco is gone. ... The factories and warehouses, the great stores and newspaper buildings, the hotels and the palaces of the nabobs, are all gone. • Its industrial section is wiped out. Its business section is wiped out. Its social and residential section is wiped out.

30. 3) Which brought more destructive damage to the city, the earthquake or the following conflagration? • As the first paragraph suggests. the earthquake shook down thousands of dollars worth of walls and chimneys, but the conflagration burned up hundreds of millions of dollars worth of property. Therefore, more destruction came from the fires the quake ignited.

31. 4) When did the earthquake occur and how long did the conflagration last? • The earthquake came at quarter past five on Wednesday morning (April l8, 1906) , and the conflagration lasted for three days and nights.

32. Part II (Paragraphs 4-13) • This part tells the reader in more detail what the author witnessed on Wednesday morning, afternoon and night.

33. Language work 6. There was no opposing the flames. There was no organization, no communication.:-- It was impossible to oppose the flames, and it was impossible to organize any battles against the fire or communicate with other people.

34. 7. All the cunning adjustments of a twentieth-century city had been smashed by the earthquake.: -- Human ingenuity enabled people to make all kinds of adjustments to nature. However, the achievements of their efforts had been completely destroyed by the earthquake.

35. 8. The streets were humped into ridges and depressions ...: -- The streets were no long smooth after the earthquake ... 9. perpendicular:-- an angle of 90°to a given line, plane, or surface • horizontal: -- parallel to the plane of the horizon; at right angles to the vertical

36. 10. shrewd contrivances: -- something cleverly devised or invented with ingenuity, especially a mechanical device 11. out of gear: out of control • The car is out of gear. 汽车未挂档。 • My watch got out of gear and would not run. • 我的表出毛病了，它不走了。 • The virus threw the whole computer system out of gear.

37. 12. twitch: give a sharp, sudden pull; pluck 猛拉，抽搐 • …thirty seconds’ twitching of the earth-crust: -- the earthquake which lasted 30 seconds 13. dead calm: -- completely or absolutely calm • dead adv. completely; absolutely; thoroughly 完全地; 绝对地; 彻底地

38. 14. flicker: a brief appearance or feeling • A flicker of smile showed at the corners of her mouth. • A flicker of hope (interest, fear, envy, etc.) 15. the doomed city: -- the city which is destined to be destroyed

39. 16. The heated air rising made an enormous suck: -- It is commonly known that the hot air will rise up while the cold air goes down, which forms the air current. This sentence means the air heated by the fire rose to the sky and caused the cold current to pour in from other places. It seemed as if it was sucking the wind.

40. 17. Thus did the fire of itself build its own colossal chimney through the atmosphere.:-- The fire automatically followed the heated air rising to the atmosphere, in the same way as the smoke and fire go up through the chimney.

41. 18. ... so mighty was the suck..: -- ... the suck was extremely powerful. 19. Wednesday night saw the destruction of the very heart of the city.: -- This is a personification in which Wednesday night is regarded as a person who witnessed the disastrous destruction of the very heart of the city.

42. 20. crumble: -- break into small particles or crumbs (碎屑，面包屑) 21. ... there was no withstanding the onrush of the flames.:-- ... it was impossible to fight the enormous flames. • Onrush: a surging rush forward 猛冲/急流 • the onrush of the water / crowd • He felt an onrush of shame.

43. make a stand 停住进行抵抗(对抗) • to makeastand against the enemy 对抗敌人 • The army made a stand against the fierce attack. • 部队抵抗敌人猛烈的进攻。 22. hard won victory: -- victory won through hard work 来之不易的胜利

44. 23. An enumeration of the buildings undestroyed would be a line and several addresses.: -- The buildings undestroyed in this disaster would be so limited in number that they could be counted as several addresses.

45. 24. ... stock a library and bankrupt the Carnegie medal fund.: -- The courageous deeds in the firefighting would fill up a library if related in writing and exhaust the Carnegie medal fund if rewarded.

46. 25. hysteria: -- exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion or excitement, especially among a group of people 歇斯底里 • hysterical: a hysterical outburst of fury 26. panic-stricken: -- overcome with, characterized by, or resulting from fear/ panic 惊恐/惊慌失措的 • a panic-stricken mother looking for her child

47. 27. ... a whole family was harnessed to a carriage ... : -- ... all members of a family fastened themselves with straps to a carriage ... • harnesssth (to sth): put a harness on (a horse, etc) 给（马等）套上马具 28. weigh down: -- cause something or somebody to bow under a weight 压弯，压垮 • The fruit weighed down the branches of the tree.

48. 29. Never, in all San Francisco’s history, were her people so kind and courteous as on this night of terror.: -- In all San Francisco’s history, her people had never been as kind and polite as they were on this night of terror. • courteous: having or showing good manners; polite; gracious • courtesy: excellence of manners or social conduct; polite behavior

49. burden v~ sb/oneself (with sth) -- put a burden on sb/oneself; load sb/oneself 加负担於某人[自己]: • refugees burdened with all their possessions • 带着沉重家当的难民 • (fig 比喻) I don't want to burden you with my problems. • 我不想让我的问题给你增加负担. • Industry is heavily burdened with taxation. 工业为重税所累.

50. 30. lighten up: lessen the load • Make or become more cheerful • After a glass of wine, he lightened up a bit. 变得轻松 • Become lighter • The room lightened up. 变亮