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????? ??? ??????????S. ??t?a t?? p????at??[1] [?as???te?? a?t?a t?? fa??????? e??a? ap?dede????a ? e?p?p? ?????f???a??????? st?? at?sfa??a. ?? ?????f???????a?e? (CFC), ?p?? de???e? ?a? t? ???? t??, pe??????? ??????, t? ?p??? e??a? ?d?a?te?a ?atast??f??? ??a t? ????. ??de??t???, 1 ???? ??????

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    1. ????? ??? ??????S ???pa t?? ????t?? ?????eta? t? fa???e?? ?at? t? ?p??? t? st??a t?? ????t?? p?? ??s?eta? sta a??te?a st??ata t?? at?sfa??a? t?? G?? e???eta? se p???? p??? ap? t?? ??ta??t???. ?pe?d? t? ?ept?te?? s?e?? t?? e??a? p??? ap? t? ??t?? ????, ? e??s? t?? p????? t?? st??at?? ??e? ?? ap?t??esa t?? ???a??e?? "t??pa" st? st??a t?? ????t??. ???? t?? ?t? t? ???? (a???t??p??? ??f? t?? ????????, t??at???? ???????, ?3) p??state?e? ap? t?? ???a?? a?t??????a, ap????f??ta? s?a?t??? t?a t?? ?pe???d???, ? d???????a t?? t??pa? t?? ????t?? ??e? a???t??? ap?te??sata st?? a????p??? ??e?a. ?p?s?? a????e? t?? ?e????as?a st?? p?a??t? ?a? ????e? a???t??? st? ???s?? t?? p????. ?? fa???e?? a?t? ?e??e?ta? p?? d??????????e ap? ?pe?????? ???s? ??????f???a??????? (CFC) p?? ???s??p?????ta? se ???at?st??? ?a? ?e???? se ???t???? s?s?e???. St?? ep??tas? t?? ep?s?? s??????? t?s? ta ?a?sa???a (ap? t?? ?????f???a t?? ????t??) ?s? ?a? ta a???a ap???ta t?? e???stas???.

    2. ????? ??? ??????????S ??t?a t?? p????at??[1] [?as???te?? a?t?a t?? fa??????? e??a? ap?dede????a ? e?p?p? ?????f???a??????? st?? at?sfa??a. ?? ?????f???????a?e? (CFC), ?p?? de???e? ?a? t? ???? t??, pe??????? ??????, t? ?p??? e??a? ?d?a?te?a ?atast??f??? ??a t? ????. ??de??t???, 1 ???? ??????? ?atast??fe? ???? ?a? 100.000 ???a ????t?? p??? t?? ad?a??p???s? t??. ??a e?e???t??? ??da t?? ???ast????? F?t???e?a? ?a? ?????? ????t???? t?? ?a?ep?st???? t?? ???t? t? 2009 se s??e??as?a e ???a 61 e???pa??? ?d??ata, e???e? t? d?ad??as?a e t?? ?p??a ?? ?????f???????a?e? ?atast??f??? t? ????: ?? CFC ????? e???? d????e?a ????, ?ts? etaf????ta? ap? t?? t??p?sfa??a st?? at?sfa??a p??? ad?a??p???????. ??e?, pa???s?a t?? ?pe???d??? ???a??? a?t??????a?, d?asp??ta? e?e??e?????ta? ?t?a ???????. ?a ?t?a ??????? ?e?t??????? ?? ?ata??te?, ep?ta?????ta? t?? ?atast??f? t?? st???da? t?? ????t??. ?? ?????f???????a?e? s??a?t??ta? se ???t???? s?s?e??? (???e?a, ???at?st???) ?a? se sp???. ? e?p?p? t???, ??a p??fa?e?? ??????, e??a? e?a??te?? se p?????at??????e? ?a? ????a????? pe??????. ?p? t? 1987, ?????? p?? a?a?????t??a? ?? ? as???te?? a?t?a t?? t??pa? t?? ????t??, ?????ta? p??sp??e?e? ??a t?? a?t??at?stas? t??? ap? ???e? ??s?e?, (?? ?p??e? ??? fa??eta? ?a ep?de??????? t? fa???e?? t?? ?e????p???, ??a pa??de??a, ?? ?d??f???????a?e? HFC d?a??t??? d??a??? p?a??t???? ?pe????a?s?? ?? ?a? 14.800 f???? pe??ss?te?? ap? t? d???e?d?? t?? ????a?a (CO2 )), ?s? t?? p??t??????? t?? ???t?ea?

    4. ????? ?? ??????S S??? ?????????? ?? ?e????? ?t? ? t??pa t?? ????t?? p??t?efa??st??e st?? ??ta??t???, ?p?? t? p????a e??a? e?t???te?? ???? ?a? s?e?a, p?????t??e t??? ep?st???e? ??a ?????a. ??????, ???sta, t? ?at? p?s? ?? ?????f???????a?e? p???a???sa? t? fa???e?? af?s?t??ta?, ?a??? st?? ??ta??t??? de? ?p?????? ???t?a e?p?p?? ?????f???a???????, s??ep?? ? st?at?sfa??a de? ???eta? se epaf? a?? t??? se e?e??? t? s?e??. S??t?a ??? ???e ap???a d?a?e???????e ?a? s?e?a e?aste se ??s? ?a e????s??e ??at? s?a??e? a?t? st?? ??ta??t???: ?? a???e? ??e? p?? eta??????ta? st?? ??ta??t??? etaf????? a?? t??? ?????f???????a?e?, ?? ?p???? de? d?asp??ta?, a??? pa?a????? se ap????e? ??????? st?? at?sfa??a. ?at? t? d????e?a t?? p?????? ???ta? (6 ??e? t? ?????), s?at?d?a p???? e p??s??e?? ?e????? (H2SO4) ?a? ??t????? (HNO3) ????? s???e?t?????? ??e? t?? e??se?? ??????? p?? e??a? ap????e???e? st?? at?sfa??a t?? ??ta??t????. ?et? t? p??a? t?? p?????? ???ta?, st?? a??? t?? e?????? ??a? (e????a), t? f?? t?? ????? d?asp?e? t?? e??se?? a?t?? ?a? ta d?ast??? ?t?a ??????? ape?e??e?????ta? st? st?at?sfa??a, ?p?? ?atast??f??? t? ????. S??ep??, ?? p??? ?a???? ?e????as?e? ?a? ???a ?e???f??????? st???e?a ap?te???? ta a?t?a t?? ????s?? t?? fa??????? st?? ??ta??t???

    6. S???????S ??? F????????? ?? ???? sta a??te?a st??ata t?? at?sfa??a? e??a? ?d?a?te?a ???s??, ?a??? ap????f?e? t?? ?pe???de?? ???a??? a?t??????e?. ?? ?pe???de?? ???a??? a?t??????e? ap?te???? t? 10% t?? s???????? ???a??? a?t??????a? p?? ft??e? st? G?. ?????eta? se t??a e?d?, t? UV-A, t? UV-B ?a? t?? p?? ep????d???, t?? UV-C. ? te?e?ta?a e??a? a?t? p?? ap????f?ta? ap? t? ???? st? st?at?sfa??a. ? UV-C, ???p??, e??a? ? p?? ep????d??? ?pe???d?? a?t??????a, ?a???: ?p?te?e? t? as???te?? a?t?a ??a t? e????a, ?a ??f? ?a?at?f???? ?a?????? t?? d??at??. St?? ??st?a??a, ?p?? ? ?pe???d?? a?t??????a e??a? 15% pe??ss?te?? ap? t?? ????p?, e?t??ta? p?? t? 2011 ?? pe??pt?se?? e?a??at?? ?a e??a? a?????e? ?at? 23% ??a t?? ???a??e? ?a? 28% ??a t??? ??t?e? se s??s? e t? 2002[2]. ?p?s??, ? a?t??????a UV-C ap?te?e? a?t?a t?? ?ata????t?, ?a??? e??a? a??et? ?s???? ?ste ?a pe??se? ?sa ap? t?? af???st??e?d? t?? at???. ?e?e?ta?a, ?a? e?de?????? ? ?????te?? ep?d?as? t?? UV-C st??? ???ta???? ???a??s??? e??a? ? et???a?? t?? DNA t???. ????sta, e??a? t?s? ?s???? p?? ?? ep?st???e? t? ???s??p????? se e??ast???a ?a? ?p? ?at?????e? s?????e? ??a ?a ep?t????? eta????e?? ????d???. ??? s???e?????a, ? UV-C a??????e? t? DNA se t?t??? a?? ?ste a?t? stad?a?? ?a ???e? t?? ?d??t?t? t?? ?a d?a??e?ta? ?a? ?a p???ap?as???eta?. S??ep??, ? t??pa t?? ????t?? ep?t??pe? t?? e?s?d? t?? ?pe???d?? a?t???????? st?? at?sfa??a t?? G??, p???a???ta? ??a a?t? ta p????ata st??? ???ta???? ???a??s???. Ost?s?, ep?pt?se?? t?? fa??????? af????? ?a? t? pe???????. ? ep???at?ste?? ?p??? e??a? p?? ef?s?? t? ????, p?? ap????f? ???? t?? ???a??? a?t??????a?, e???eta?, ?a e?s???eta? pe??ss?te?? ?e??t?ta st? G?, ? ?p??a se s??d?as? e t? ep?s?? s?a?? fa???e?? t?? ?e????p???, ?a s??te?e? st?? ?pe????a?s? t?? p?a??t?. Ost?s?, st?? a???? t?? p??????e??? de?aet?a? ????se ?a s??at??eta? ? a?t????? p?? ? t??pa t?? ????t?? ???e? a?t? ?a ?e?a??e? t? G?. ??? s???e?????a, ? ?t????t ??s??, ?a????t?? t?? ????te?a??? ?a?ep?st???? t?? ???????t?, ?a? ? S??sa? S?????, a??te??? ep?st???a? at?sfa?????? ep?st???, d?ap?st?sa? p?? e?? ? ?s?? ???? ?e????as?a? st?? ?p????p? ??s? t?? p??????e?? a???a a??????e, st?? ??ta??t??? e?????e, ??s? t?? ?p??a ?p?st????e ?a? ? ???? ?. G?????, ?a????t?? at?sfa?????? ep?st??? st? ?a?ep?st??? t?? ????????. ??e???sa? ?ts? t? s??s? t?? pa?at???s?? a?t?? e t?? ????s? t?? fa??????? t?? t??pa? t?? ????t?? st?? pe?????. ?? ????? ??a t??? ?p????? ? a?t????? p?? ? t??pa t?? ????t?? ap?te?e? a?t?a ????? ?? ??? ???a?s?? t?? G?? de? e?ap?????e, ?a???: ? ??e??a ?de??e p?? ? e????st? ?e????as?a st?? ??ta??t??? pa???s???eta? ??? ??e? et? t?? pe???d? ??a?s?? t?? fa??????? t?? t??pa? t?? ????t?? ???e ?????. Ta ?p?epe ?a ??f???? ?p???? ?a? ????? pa?????te?, ?p?? ta ?p??a??ss?a ?e?ata. ?ts? ?? ep?st???e? s?f???sa? p?? t? ???a t?? ??ta??t???? de? ?fe??eta? ?at ap???e?st???t?ta st?? t??pa t?? ????t??, de? ap???e???? ??? t? e?de??e?? ?a ap?te?e? ap??? ?a ap t?? a?t?e? t??[3]

    8. S?????? ?? ?? G? ?p?? e??a? ???st? ? G? pe?????eta? ap? t?? at?sfa??? t?? ? ?p??a ap?te?e?ta? ap? d??f??a st??ata, a?a????? ? t?? s?stas? t??? ?a? t?? s?????e? p?? ep???at???. ?ts? t? p??t? st??a e??a? ? ???p?sfa??a st?? ?p??a d?a??f??eta? ??s?ast??? ? ?a????, af?? ed? ?e??????ta? ?a? pe?a????? t? d??f??a ?a????? fa???e?a ?p?? t? s???efa, ? ????, t? ????? ?.?.p. ???? ap' a?t? s? ???? 10.000 ?t?a pe??p?? a????e? ? St?at?sfa??a, ? ?p??a e?te??eta? ???? t? 40.000 ?t?a pe??p??. ?? e?d?af???? p?? pa???s???e? a?t? t? st??a t? ?fe??e? ?????? st?? ?pa??? t?? ????t??. ?? ???? e??a? ?at? ??p??? t??p? ??a e?d?? ????????, af?? t? ???? t?? apa?t??eta? ap? t??a ?t?a ???????? a?t? d?? p?? s???st??? t? ???? t?? ????????. ?? st???e?? a?t? s??at??e? ??a ?ept? ep? ????? st??a st?? St?at?sfa??a (eta?? 19000 ?a? 30000 ?t?a) p?? e??a? p?? ?ept? p??? ap? t?? t??p???? pe?????? ?a? p?? pa?? p??? ap' t?? p?????? ?a? ???eta? ?????sfa??a ? st??a Chapman. ? p?s?t?ta t?? ????t?? et?e?ta? s? ???de? Dobson (DU) ?a? ?? t?p??? t?? t?? e??a? 260 DU p??? ap' t?? t??p???? pe??????, ?? ?a? ?p???e? e???? ep????? ?a? ???et???? d?a??a?s?. ?? ???? d??????e?ta? ? t?? ep?d?as? t?? ?pe???d??? a?t??????a? (UV) s? ???a ????????, ?p?te ?? se??? a?t?d??se?? ?a??e? ???a ???st?? ?a? ?? ??t?d??se?? Chapman. ?????? t? ???? t?? ???????? d?asp?ta? st? d?? ?t?? t?? t? ?p??a e? s??e?e?a a?t?d???? ? ???a ???a ???????? ?a? s????t??? ???a ????t??. ?????t? e??a? ?t? ?? ????te?e? pe?????? e??a? p?? p???s?e? s? ???? ap' ?t? ?? ?a???te?e? af?? ? d??s? t?? ?pe???d?? a?t???? a?a??pteta?, ?a??? a?t?? ap????f??ta? ap' t? p????te?a ?a???te?a st??ata. ?? ?d?e? a?t??e? p???a???? ?a? t?? ?atast??f? t?? ????t??, af?? ?ta? p?ft??? p??? t?? t? d?asp??? st? e? ?? s??et??? ep??????ta? ?ts? ??a ?s?????? ????t?? p?? ?atast??feta? ?a? ????t?? p?? d??????e?ta? ? s???pe?a ? pe??e?t???t?ta a?t?? st?? at?sfa??a ?a pa?a??e? ?at' a???? sta?e?? ?a? pe??p?? 10 ppm (??? a?? e?at?????). ? p?s?t?ta t?? ????t?? e??a? t?t??a p?? ?? s???e?t????ta? ???t? st? ?daf?? s? ?e????as?a 0 a???? ?e?s??? ?a? p?es? 1at?sfa??a, ?? s???t??e ??a st??a p????? 3 ?????st??.

    10. ???p?? a?t?et?p?s?? St?? 16 Septe???? t?? 1987 (ap? t?te ? 16? Septe???? ??e? a?a?????te? ap? t?? ??? ?a???s?a ???a ?at? t?? ???pa? t?? ????t??) ?pe???f? ap? 46 ???e? t? p??t?????? t?? ???t?ea?, ? s?a?t???te?? ?a? ap?te?esat???te?? p???? a?t?et?p?s?? t?? fa??????? t?? t??pa? t?? ????t?? ???? s?e?a. St???? t?? ???t??????? ?ta? ? stad?a?? e???e??? t?? CFC ????? ODS (Ozone Depleting Substances ? ??s?e? p?? F?e????? t? ????) ?p?? ?? ?d???????f???????a?e? (HCFC) ? t? e???????d?? (CH3Br) ??a ?a a?t?et?p?ste? t? p????a t?? ?atast??f?? t?? ????t??, p?? e??e a?a?a??f?e? p??? ap? d?? ?????a. ???st??e ep?s?? ?????d????aa ??a t?? ap??at?stas? t?? ????t?? p?? e??e ?d? ?atast?afe?. ?p??a ???a ?p????fe? t? p??t??????, ?p???e??ta? a?t?ata t? d?a??p? pa?a????? ?a? ?ata????s?? CFC. ?e t? s??e??as?a t?? ????pa???? ???s??, ?ata??????e stad?a?? t? 99% t?? ?????f???a??????? ????a??? ???s??, e?? pa??????a st??e?e? e ????es?e? (?p?? a?t? t?? 2006) ?a ????se? t? ???s? f????????? ae???? ap? ????a??e?, p?? ep?s?? ?atast??f??? t? st???da t?? ????t??[4]. ?? ?a???a??? t?? 2009 ? efa???? t?? ???t??????? t?? ???t?ea? ????e ?????e????, ?a??? ?p???a?e ?a? ? te?e?ta?a ap? t?? 196 ???e?-??? t?? ?.?.?. ???sfata ? ?.?.?. pa???s?ase ???es? e t?t?? ?p?st?????? ??t??s? t?? ????t??s?? t?? ????t?? 2010 ??a t?? ?at?stas? t?? t??pa? t?? ????t??, s?f??a e t?? ?p??a ta ??a e??a? e?a??et??? e?????sta[5]. ? t??pa t?? ????t?? ??e? p???? staat?se? ?a a?a???e?, a??a?? ? ?p??a s???a??e ?a? st? e??s? t?? ?pe????a?s?? t?? p?a??t?, ef?s?? a?t? ap?te?e? s???pe?a t?? fa???????. ?? ?a? ta ap?te??sata t?? ???es?? e??a? e??a????t???, ? ?.?.?. a? p??t??pe? ?a ?? ?a??s??ast??e, ?a??? a??a de? ??e? ?e????se? ? ap??at?stas? t?? t??pa? t?? ????t?? se ??a??p???t????? ??????. S?f??a e ?p?????s???, ta ep?peda t?? ????t?? ?a ????? ft?se? e?e??a t?? 1980 ??p??a st??? st? d??st?a 2045-2060

    11. ?????? S?????SF?????? ??F?

    13. ?? e???e te???a;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ??e???se?? ?a? ep?st???e?, ????te? s??e?d?s? t?? ???d????, ?d??????a? st?? e??a????t??? s?f???a t?? ???t??????? t?? ???t?ea? t? 1987, s?f??a ? t? ?p??? ?esp?st??a? pe?????s?? st?? pa?a???? ?????f???a??????? ?a? t?? ????? ep????d???? ??p?? ?a? ?p???e? s??e??? p??sp??e?a a?a??t?s?? ???? ?????? e??se??, p?? ?a? t?? ?a??e???? ??? ?? d?e????????? ?a? ?? e??a? a???d??e? ??? t? ????. ?ta? ?? ap? t?? sp???e? s??e??as?e? ???? t?? e???? ??? t?? a?a??t?s? ??s?? s? ??a pa???s?? p????a p?? ape??e? t?? p?a??t? ? afa??s?. ?ts? t? 1994 d?ap?st????e ?a? ? p??t? e?p?d?f??a e??s? t?? ?????f???a??????? ?a??? st?? t??p?sfa??a. ???t?? ?? ??p??, p?? e??a? pa?a??e? p??? t?? efa???? t?? pe?????s?? t?? ???t???????, e?a????????? ?? a?ea????? ? t?? ?ad?tat? ???? t??? p??? t?? St?at?sfa??a ?a? a??a d?? ????? a???se? t?? d?a??t??? ??? t? ???? d??s? t???. ? e?t??s? a?a??eta? ?' a???se? et? ap? ??p??e? de?aet?e? ?a? ef' ?s?? ea??? d?? ?p?????? ????? ast???t?? pa?????te?, ?p?? ? pa???s?a ???at??? a??a??, p?? ?? a?at?????? t? ???? st???? ded???a.

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