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Part I INTRODUCTION

Part I INTRODUCTION. Chapter 1 Juvenile Justice: An Overview. Outline. What Is the Background of Juvenile Justice In the United States? How Did the Juvenile Court Develop? What Is the History of Juvenile Confinement? How Did Probation Develop? What Is the History of Aftercare?

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Part I INTRODUCTION

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  1. Part I INTRODUCTION

  2. Chapter 1Juvenile Justice: An Overview

  3. Outline • What Is the Background of Juvenile Justice In the United States? • How Did the Juvenile Court Develop? • What Is the History of Juvenile Confinement? • How Did Probation Develop? • What Is the History of Aftercare? • What Are the Historical Themes of Juvenile Justice? • Discovering the Child • Increased Authority of the State • Reform and Retrenchment • Get Tough and Go Soft Approaches • Threat of the Dangerous Poor • The Unsolvable Nature of Juvenile Crime

  4. Outline (cont.) • What Are the Juvenile Justice Agencies and Functions? • The Police • The Juvenile Courts • Corrections Departments • How Are Juvenile Offenders Processed? • What Are the Most Widely Held Philosophies and Strategies on Correcting Juveniles? • The Treatment Model • The Justice Model • The Crime Control Model • The Balanced and Restorative Justice Model • Comparison of Four Models

  5. Objectives • To retrace the journey of juvenile justice in the United States • To reveal the historical themes that guided the development of juvenile justice in the United States • To present the structure and procedures of juvenile justice agencies in the nation • To examine the various philosophies and strategies for correcting juvenile offenders

  6. 1. What is the juvenile justice system? What does it do?

  7. Responsible for controlling and correcting the behavior of troubled juveniles

  8. Review definitions of childhood (p. 4): • Fifth century A.D.: Age 7 determined whether youths would be exempted from criminal responsibility under certain conditions. • Youth age 12 (girls) and 14 (boys) were held responsible for their socially unacceptable behaviors. • England: Children are between ages 7 and 14; their responsibilities were determined by the severity of the crime, maturity, capacity to distinguish between right and wrong, and evidence of blatant malice.

  9. 2. How were juveniles handled by society before the founding of the juvenile court?

  10. Hints (pp. 5–6): • Puritan times • Beginnings of industrialization • Urbanization

  11. 3. Which juveniles were targeted before the founding of the juvenile court and why? Who engineered the founding of the court, and what philosophy did they follow?

  12. Hints (pp. 5–9): • Immigrants and the poor • Juveniles treated as adults • Middle- and upper-class female reformers • Positivist school

  13. 4. Describe the early juvenile court.

  14. Hints (pp. 6–9): • Cook County, 1899 • Informal basis • Judge as father figure • Needs of child

  15. 5. What was the thinking behind the development of the first houses of refuge?

  16. Hints (pp. 9–10): • Industrialization • Changes in family and community • Urbanization • Existing jails and prisons • Family model (develop fully) • Internal organization and discipline

  17. 6. When were reformatories developed, and what were their goals?

  18. Hints (pp. 10–11): • Mid nineteenth century • Schooling and labor

  19. 7. Describe the cottage system.

  20. Hints (p. 10-11): • Rural values • Rural areas

  21. 8. Describe the history of juvenile probation up to the present.

  22. Hints (pp. 11–12): • John Augustus • First regulation by statute • Juvenile court era • National Association of Probation Officers • Post-WWI • Original probation theory • New mission in 1990s

  23. 9. What is the definition of aftercare? Describe its history.

  24. Hints (pp. 12): • Aftercare is focused on how to best deal with the problems of youthful offenders after their release from a juvenile facility.

  25. History: • First juvenile institutions placed juveniles • Professionals––early 1900s • Underdeveloped today

  26. 10. What are the historical themes of juvenile justice? Discuss each.

  27. Discovering the child • Increased authority of the state • Reform and retrenchment • Get tough and go soft approaches • Threat of the dangerous poor • The unsolvable nature of youth crime

  28. Discovering the child • For most of history, the special needs of juveniles were never considered • Subsistence living in the earliest societies required children to take on whatever productive roles necessary • Members of society began to debate children’s “age of responsibility”

  29. Increased authority of the state • At first, the family was solely responsible for its children. • The state began to step in after the colonial period. • Parens patriae doctrine adopted from England—right of the Crown to intervene in family affairs. • Divorce, dysfunctional families, abuse, and neglect require attention that likely will keep the state involved.

  30. Reform and retrenchment • Describe the cycle of reform and retrenchment.

  31. Hints: • We cannot make up our minds. • Thomas J. Bernard

  32. Get tough and go soft • Describe each and the approaches used with each.

  33. Get tough • Serious offenders • Punishment • Purposeful activity

  34. Go soft • 1960s • Least restrictive • Status offenses • Keep out of system • Procedural safeguards

  35. Threat of the dangerous poor • Describe who the dangerous poor were (are).

  36. Hints (p. 15): • Late 1800s • Poverty • Race

  37. What is meant by the Unsolvable Nature of Youth Crime?

  38. Hints (pp. 15–16): • Unlimited progress • Eliminate long-standing problems • Tried same things over and over • History of cure-alls

  39. 11. What are the juvenile justice agencies?

  40. Hint (pp.16–18): • The police, the juvenile court, and corrections make up the three subsystems.

  41. 12. What are the functions of each of the agencies?

  42. Hint (p. 16): • Police: Basic responsibility is to enforce the law and maintain order

  43. Hint (p. 16): • Juvenile courts: Dispose of cases referred to them by intake divisions of probation departments, make decisions, deal with child neglect and dependency cases, and monitor the performance of juveniles who have been adjudicated delinquent or status offenders

  44. Hint (p. 17-18): • Corrections: Responsible for the care of juvenile offenders sentenced by the courts

  45. 13. Describe the differences between the juvenile and adult justice systems.

  46. Hints: • Focus on practice, Box 1.3, p. 18 • Similarities • Common ground

  47. Identify and discuss the specific points on which the juvenile and adult justice systems usually are compared.

  48. Hints (p. 17): • Operating assumptions • Prevention • Law enforcement • Intake-prosecution • Detention––jail/lockup • Adjudication––conviction • Disposition––sentencing • Aftercare––parole

  49. 14. Describe what happens at each stage of juvenile justice processing.

  50. Hints (p. 19): • Diversion • Exclusion • Prosecution • Intake • Adjudication • Disposition • Placement

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