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Russian Presentation

Russian Presentation. Intergovernmental Relationships, Decentralization and Local Governance. Dr. Louis A. Picard Professor of Public and International Affairs and African Studies Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.

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Russian Presentation

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  1. Russian Presentation Intergovernmental Relationships, Decentralization and Local Governance Dr. Louis A. PicardProfessor of Public and International Affairsand African Studies Graduate School of Public and International AffairsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA 15260USA

  2. Questions: End of Discussion 1. What major historical factors appear to have defined Governance, Local Government and Civil Society in Russia 2. What factors are unique and different in Russia from Europe and international experiences 3.To what extent is society and culture important at the "country,“ regional and local level?

  3. Theme The Nature of Intergovernmental Relationships

  4. German Intergovernmental Relations

  5. Overview: Historical Patterns of Relations • AT ISSUE - Location of ultimate power and Responsibility • Definition of Power: • The authoritative allocation of values • Balance: Leadership, Authority and Choice

  6. Symbolism, Power and AuthorityLeadership as Image

  7. Authority

  8. Authoritarian States

  9. Types of Democracy • South African Kgotla Direct Democracy- Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws, customs and regulations

  10. Or “Panchayat in India”Town hall or village model

  11. TYPES OF INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AND INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS Confederation and loose con-federal relationships

  12. The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation, drafted in 1777 by the Continental Congress, served as the first Constitution of the United States.

  13. Confederation Relationships Power lies with the sub-units • U.S. Articles of Confederation • Canadian Federation • European Union • Southern African Development Council • Economic Council of West African States • ASEAN • Mercusor

  14. Federalism • Concept: Can Transfer additional authority back to the sub-units but not take power away from the federated governments (Provinces, states) • Principal: Divided Soveregnty

  15. Federal Systems In Federal Relationship • Some power lies with the National Unit • Some power lies with lower units • Layer Cake

  16. Governance as a cake

  17. Layers of Government Intertwined

  18. Federal Powers • Unique or Exclusive Powers- Federal and State • Concurrent Powers- Federal and State • Devolved Powers- State and Local • Denied Authority

  19. Federal Systems Key Distinction: 1. Lower units cannot break away from the National Unit 2. National Units cannot take power away from the lower units 3. Divided Sovereignty

  20. Federalism: Examples: • USA • Canada • Germany • Nigeria • India • Russian Federation • Austria • Switzerland • Malaysia

  21. Federal Relationships Indian States

  22. Indian Inter-Governmental Relations

  23. Unitary Systems and Sub-regional units • All power ultimately lies at the national level • What power the local level has, is given to it by the national level • The power that the national unit has given to the local level can also be taken away from it

  24. Unitary Government

  25. Unitary Systems- Examples • United Kingdom • France • Hungary • Kenya • Japan • South Africa? (Unitary or Quasi-Federal) • Bolivia • China? • Palestine? • Indonesia • Sweden

  26. Subsidiarity: European Union Term • Subsidiarity is the idea that matters should be handled by the smallest (or, the lowest) competent government authority possible. • It is presently best known as a fundamental principle of European Union Law. According to this principle, the EU may only act (i.e. make laws) where member states agree that action of individual countries (or local governments) is insufficient. • Subsidiarity has become a principle of public sector reform in LDCs

  27. Subsidiarity: Summary • Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government • Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it • Alternative Social Service Delivery Systems Debated- eg. Health in USA

  28. Models of Subsidiarity: Review • Devolution: Federal or Unitary (Political) • Deconcentration (Administrative) • Delegation (Special Unit- PAT) • Privatization (Contracting Out) • Program and Project Deconcentration: Principal Agency Issue)

  29. Intergovernmental Relationships Basic Assumptions

  30. Devolution • Transfer to a non-Federal political body e.g. Budget and personal authority to district and town councils Key- power lies with lower level politicians

  31. Evolving Devolution towards Federalism?

  32. Deconcentration: Transfer of authority to administrators at lower level within the administrative system

  33. Deconcentration: • Functional vs. Prefectoral • Prefectoral integrated • Prefectoral unintegrated

  34. French Prefect Jura RegionAissa Dermouche (Appointed “Governor”)

  35. Control Systems Functional Home Affairs Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor Council Public Works Office District Ag. Office District Ed. Office District Labor Office

  36. Control Systems Prefectoral - Integrated Interior Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor District Office District Ag. Office District Ed. Office District Labor Office Public Works Office Council/Chief

  37. Control Systems Prefectoral - Unintegrated Interior Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor Police District Office Police Council/ Chief Public Works Office District Ag. Office District Ed. Office District Labor Office

  38. Delegation • Transfer Function Outside of line Departments • Use of Board • Commercialization

  39. Delegation

  40. Delegation • Transfer of authority to a statutory body such as Public Corporations or parastatals (UK) • Eg. AMTRAK in USA

  41. Privatization • Transfer function out of government sector • More than Contracting Out

  42. Principles of Privatization • Key Conditionality- Privatization of the economy within a context of administrative Reform

  43. Principles of Privatization a. divestiture (full sale) b. contracting out c. liquidation d. sell off public private partnership shares

  44. The View from the 1980s

  45. Principles of Privatization Goal: Small government and return to the recurrent budgeting process and balanced budget principles of “Neo-Orthodox Economists” Fiscal Crisis has both called this into question and supported very small government

  46. Programs and Projects • Program and Project Deconcentration: (Principal Agency Issue) • Assymetric Relationships • Prone to Patron-Clientalism

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