Responding to learner talk

2. Responding to learner talk Barney Griffiths Language coach, teacher, trainer and materials developer Contact: barneygriffiths@gmail.com

3. Overview This workshop explores how English teachers might best respond to learner talk in the classroom in order to maximise teacher and learner interaction

4. Everyday classroom examples Task 1:List some ways in which an English teacher might respond to the following situation in a pre-intermediate class: T: “Mireia, what did Albert tell you about his family?” S: “He say me he have three sons, two boys and one girl” T: … (your responses) • No teacher talk, but a gesture to self-correct • “He told me he hasthree children, two boys and a girl” • “Sounds like Albert’s got his hands full” • “Past tense. Different verb. Vocabulary problem.” • “And what else did he say?” • “Can you rephrase that in correct English?” • “And whatdid Mireia tellyou, Albert?” • “Albert has three children? Who else in the class has children?” • To whole class: “Can anyone correct that?” Task 2: 1. What does each response tell you (and the students) about the teacher’s focus? 2. Which response(s) do you think are more effective in encouraging further interaction? Why?

5. Everyday classroom examples Task 2: 1. What does each response tell you about the teacher’s focus? • No teacher talk, but a gesture to self-correct FORM-FOCUSED • “He told me he has three children, two boys and a girl” FORM-FOCUSED • “Sounds like Albert’s got his hands full” CONTENT-FOCUSED • “Past tense. Different verb. Vocabulary problem.” FORM-FOCUSED • “And what else did he say?” CONTENT-FOCUSED • “Can you rephrase that in correct English?” FORM-FOCUSED • “And whatdid Mireia tellyou, Albert?” CONTENT-FOCUSED • “Albert has three children? Who else in the class has children?” CONTENT-FOCUSED • To whole class: “Can anyone correct that?” FORM-FOCUSED 2. Which response(s) do you think are more effective in encouraging further interaction? Why? The CONTENT-FOCUSED ones. Because they encourage learners to respond to what was said not how it was said.

6. A suggested formula for maximising interaction: respond to content first Are you aware of whether you are responding to form or content? Are your students? How about we devise a rationale for this? Always respond to content first, then form. Outcome: Your learners know you will deal with their language problems when the time is right, but first and foremost you want them to communicateand interact. As a teacher this helps you to be more organised, more aware of the aims of your teacher talk and more able to give meaningful language feedback when the time is right.

7. Everyday classroom examples Task 3:List some ways in which a language teacher might respond to the content of the learner’s talk in an upper-intermediate class: T: “What do you think about what the author says?” S: “I think the immigration provoke more problems for the people of this country” T: … (your responses) • “But don’t you think that immigration has brought lots of positive things to the country as well?” • “You don’t really think that, do you?” • “That’s a very right-wing thing to say” • Silence and look around at the rest of the class for a response. • “OK, get into pairs and discuss whether you think David’s right” Task 4: • Are there any of these you don’t like? Why? • Which response(s) do you think are more effective in encouraging student-to-student interaction? Why?

8. Everyday classroom examples Task 4:List some ways in which a language teacher might respond to the content of the learner’s talk in an upper-intermediate class: T: “What do you think about what the author says?” S: “I think the immigration cause more problems for the people of this country” • “But don’t you think that immigration has brought lots of positive things to the country as well?” ONE-TO-ONE FOCUS – TEACHER TOO INVOLVED, TENDS TO EXCLUDE OTHER LEARNERS • “You don’t really think that, do you?” CONFLICTIVE - DOES NOT TEND TO LEAD TO PRODUCTIVE INTERACTION • “That’s a very right-wing thing to say” LABELLING LEARNERS’ RESPONSES CAN CAUSE OFFENCE AND LEAD TO RESISTANCE • Silence and look around at the rest of the class for a response ENCOURAGING GENUINE WHOLE CLASS INTERACTION – MAY BE USEFUL • “OK, get into pairs and discuss whether you think David’s right” ENCOURAGING GENUINE INTERACTION IN PAIRS

9. But what about form? Let’s not forget form, we are language teachers after all Consider the usefulness of a LANGUAGE FEEDBACK SLOT and then REPEATING THE ACTIVITY but in BETTER ENGLISH. Learners become accustomed to you encouraging maximum interaction in the knowledge that you will deal with their language issues when appropriate. Task 5:In the examples we’ve seen, what might we want to do a language feedback slot on? S: “He say me he have three sons, two boys and one girl” S: “I think the immigration provoke more problems for the people of this country”

10. But what about form? In the examples we’ve seen, what might we want to do a language feedback slot on? Learner talk S: “He say me he have three sons, two boys and one girl” S: “I think the immigration provoke more problems for the people of this country” Vocabulary - tell s.o. sth. vs say sth. - The family: sons vs children, etc. - provoke vscause Grammar - Past tense: say > said; tell > told - Third person ‘s’ - Articles: use of definite article - Quantifiers: more vs a lot - Third person ‘s’ (a reminder) Pronunciation - Vowel sounds: child/children; girl - Vowel sounds: /ʌ/country - Sentence stress

11. FINAL THOUGHTS To my mind, effectivelanguage teachers: • Resist the temptation to pronounce their views on everything students say,understanding that their job is to facilitate interactionand then help students express what they want to say better • May respond briefly to the content of learners’ contributions, but only to instigate further interaction, while they themselves take notes for language feedback • Do not respond to learner talk with the aim of teaching students about life,but rather to maximise the effectiveness of the task

12. Thank you for coming Contact: barneygriffiths@gmail.com