Malaria Facts

1. Malaria Facts • Where malaria is common the average life span is 30 YOA. This is not all due to malaria but malaria and trypanosomiasis do play their part!

2. Malaria Facts • Where malaria is common the average life span is 30 YOA. This is not all due to malaria but malaria and trypanosomiasis do play their part! • Malaria has protected Western Africa from European colonization!

3. Malaria has Been Significant Enough to Make the World Different! • Being sent to Gambia, Serra Leon, etc. was considered a death sentence because of the probability of contracting malaria!

4. Malaria has Been Significant Enough to Make the World Different! • Being sent to Gambia, Serra Leon, etc. was considered a death sentence because of the probability of contracting malaria! • 1880 was when Plasmodium was fist discovered.

5. Malaria has Been Significant Enough to Make the World Different! • Being sent to Gambia, Serra Leon, etc. was considered a death sentence because of the probability of contracting malaria! • 1880 was when Plasmodium was fist discovered. • 1897: the vector host was discovered by Ronald Ross. But it did not matter since there was no attempt to control it!

6. Malaria in History • Ancient references • China, Assyria, India • 500 BC Hippocrates gives first clinical description

7. Malaria in History • Ancient references • China, Assyria, India • 500 BC Hippocrates gives first clinical description • Historical Impacts • 413 BC Fall of Greek empire • 323 BC Alexander the Great died of malaria • The Roman Empire: Malaria is generally considered to have played a role in the decline of Rome, a city located in marshland, where malaria is transmitted

8. History • 1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria

9. History • 1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria • 1861-1865Civil War. Savannah, GA 878 men had 3313 cases of malaria in a 14 month period.

10. History • 1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria • 1861-1865 Civil War. Savannah, GA 878 men had 3313 cases of malaria in a 14 month period. • 1880Plasmodium discovered as etiological agent

11. History • 1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria • 1861-1865 Civil War. Savannah, GA 878 men had 3313 cases of malaria in a 14 month period. • 1880 Plasmodium discovered as etiological agent • 1900’sSir Ronald Ross discovers mosquitoes are vectors

12. History • 1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria • 1861-1865 Civil War. Savannah, GA 878 men had 3313 cases of malaria in a 14 month period. • 1880 Plasmodium discovered as etiological agent • 1900’s Sir Ronald Ross discovers mosquitoes are vectors • 1930’s malaria diminished in U.S. except for southeast. Conversion of swamp to agriculture.

13. 1882 1912 1934

16. History • World War II. In 1942, 2678 cases from 1,000 men; Ran out of drug for treatment.

17. History • Gen. Douglas MacArthur in May 1943: "Doctor," he said, "this will be a long war if for every division I have facing the enemy I must count on a second division in hospital with malaria and a third division convalescing from this debilitating disease!" The general was not at all worried about defeating the Japanese, but he was greatly concerned about the failure up to that time to defeat the Anopheles mosquito.

18. History • Lost five times more men to malaria than in Battle!

19. History • Lost five times more men to malaria than in Battle! • Brought about chemical insecticides. • DDT was a result of WWII • And a few year later there were only 50/1000

20. History • Lost five times more men to malaria than in Battle! • Brought about chemical insecticides. • DDT was a result of WWII • And a few year later there were only 50/1000 • So after the war there was a false hope of eradicating malaria from the world!

21. History • 1946. WHO initiates program to “eradicate malaria”.

22. History • 1946. WHO initiates program to “eradicate malaria”. • 1961: A parasitology textbook is quoted as saying “with present prospects, malaria WILL soon be treated as an uncommon/non-existent disease.

23. History • 1946. WHO initiates program to “eradicate malaria”. • 1961: A parasitology textbook is quoted as saying “with present prospects, malaria WILL soon be treated as an uncommon/non-existent disease. • 1970. Malaria decreased dramatically.

24. Eradication of Malaria • So why did the campaign fail? • 1) Insecticides (DDT) • Environmental damage!

25. Pesticide Resistance • Rapid Reproduction • Selection DDT

26. Pesticide Resistance • Rapid Reproduction • Selection DDT

27. Eradication of Malaria • 2) Plasmodium • Wide use of chloroquine has led to drug resistant strains!

28. Eradication of Malaria • 3) Social/Political Reasons • Emerging nations in Africa were trying to be free from external (Western European nations) domination; much of the monetary resources stopped flowing in!

29. There are some general genotypes that are resistant to malaria • Genetic resistance to Plasmodium • 2 examples

30. Duffy Blood Group • Noticed in military groups in Vietnam. • African Americans had less severe cases or no cases of malaria!

31. Genetic Resistance A = B = y = no proteins • Plasmodium vivax • Duffy blood groups • Proteins on cell surface • 3 alleles • A Dominant • B Dominant • y recessive

32. By AA BB AB Ay yy Genetic Resistance A = B = y = no proteins • Plasmodium vivax • Duffy blood groups • Proteins on cell surface • 3 alleles • A Dominant • B Dominant • y recessive

33. Genetic Resistance • yy genotype has advantage • P. vivax malaria resistance • Only advantageous if P. vivax malaria endemic • 40% people of W. African decent • 0.1% people of non-African decent • P. vivax keeps the allele common in Africa.

34. Genetic Resistance • Sickle celled anemia • Codominant trait (Allele “A” and “B”) • AA have sickle celled anemia • AB have both types of cells • Sickle cells don’t support species of Plasmodium well. • Resistance to infection

35. Genetic Resistance • AA selected against • Sickle celled anemia • AB selected for • Both sickle and normal cells • BB selected against • Normal cells • If malaria not endemic, what alleles will be selected for? Against? • Allele for sickle cells maintained in the population even though strongly disadvantageous to have both alleles.

36. Genetic Resistance

37. Sickle Celled Anemia • In the US, 10% of African Americans have this allele!

38. Other forms of Resistance to Malaria • Babies get antibodies from their moms breast milk; they are protected until weaned. • Once weaned becomes susceptible again!

39. What you need to have malaria spread within a population!

40. Habitat Behavior contact contact Climate Habitat Food Epidemiological Models Infected People Mosquitoes Uninfected People Source of Plasmodium Source of New Hosts

41. Habitat Behavior contact contact Climate Habitat Food Breaking the Chain Infected People Mosquitoes Uninfected People Source of Plasmodium Source of New Hosts

42. Eliminating Mosquitoes • Mosquito Life Cycle

43. Eliminating Mosquitoes

44. Eliminating Mosquitoes • Destroy habitat • Insecticides • Biological control

45. Eliminating Mosquitoes • Destroy habitat • Insecticides • Biological control • Why don’t these methods work?

46. Pesticide Resistance • Rapid Reproduction • Natural selection

47. Getting rid of the source of Plasmodium

48. Getting rid of the source of Plasmodium • Drug treatment • Transgenic mosquitoes

49. Getting rid of the source of Plasmodium • Drug treatment • Transgenic mosquitoes • Why don’t these work?

50. Getting rid of the source of Plasmodium • Drug treatment • Transgenic mosquitoes • Why don’t these work? • Availability of drugs • Money • Medical staff • Recrudescense • Drug resistance • Reservoir hosts? • Transgenic mosquitoes not a reality • Expensive