Open Science Economy Creativity, Collaboration & the Commons

1. Open Science EconomyCreativity, Collaboration & the Commons Michael A. Peters “Structuring knowledge: new visions of higher education” Monday 25th and Tuesday 26th June 2012 Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford

2. Taking back the commons Cognitive capitalism

3. Cognitive capitalism • Cognitive capitalism has emerged as a global economic system based on the development of virtual (immaterial) economy (‘third capitalism’) focused on the increasing informatization (digitization) of production, with increasing formalization, mathematicization and digitization of language, communication, and knowledge systems.

4. Cognitive Capitalism

5. Socialization of media • the emergence of social media, social networking and social mode of production enhanced by Web 2.0 technologies and distributed knowledge and learning systems • decreasing cost of network access, knowledge-sharing and transmission, and greater ‘borderless’ interconnectedness of knowledge spaces (emergence of ‘world brain’)

6. ‘immaterial labour’ • Networks and flows of immaterial labor are based on mass participation and collaboration rather than traditional Smithian division of labor that is nonlinear and comprise dynamical systems of labor. • the emergence of team or network as fundamental labor units in a new political economy of peer production (‘Interneting’) based on cooperation and collaboration rather than competition.

7. The academic economy • The new open communications environment has the power to reshape the university as a networked environment, allowing the emergence of radically decentred forms of social nonproprietarian and nonmarket models of academic production and exchange, alongside market and property forms, that will transform cultural production in general and the concepts of readership, scholarship and authorship that have ruled the academic economy.

8. Theory of the commons • Before 1995, few thinkers saw the connection between “information” and “commons” • Mid 1990s saw flourishing of articles in legal reviews on new knowledge commons • Commons became a buzzword for digital information, which was being enclosed, commodified, and overpatented

9. Some examples • Benkler, Yochai. 1998. “Overcoming Agoraphobia: Building the Commons of the Digitally Networked Environment.” Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 11(2):287–400. • Boyle, James. 2003. “The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain.” Law and Contemporary Problems 66(1–2):33–74. http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPBoyle • Brin, David. 1995. “The Internet as a Commons.” Information Technology and Libraries 14(4):240–242. • David, Paul A. 2000. The Digital Technology Boomerang: New Intellectual Property Rights Threaten Global “Open Science.” Stanford, CA: Department of Economics, Stanford University. http://www-econ.stanford.edu/faculty/workp/swp00016.pdf • Heller, Michael A. 1998. “The Tragedy of the Anticommons: Property in the Transition from Marx to Markets.” Harvard Law Review 111(3):622–688.

10. Some distinctions • Shared resource systems—called common-pool resources—are types of economic goods, independent of particular property rights. • Common property on the other hand is a legal regime—a jointly owned legal set of rights • Self-organized commons require strong collective-action and selfgoverningmechanisms • Social capital refers to the aggregate value of social networks (i.e., who people know), and the inclinations that arise from these networks

11. “The Tragedy of the Commons” • Hardin, Garrett. 1968. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162:1243– 1248. • “Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.”

12. Inventing the commonsAntonio Negri and Judith Revel, 2008 • “Creating value today, is to position subjectivities in networks and to capture, detournand appropriate the common which they unveil and create.” • “Without the common, capitalism cannot exist. With the common, the possibilities of conflict, resistance and appropriation are infinitely increased. What a beautiful paradox in an age which has finally succeeded in ridding itself of the tatters of Modernity.”

13. Taking back the common • “In order to re-appropriate our common, above all we need to produce a drastic critique… Our common, is not our fundament, but our production, our invention that continually starts anew. ‘We’: the name of a horizon, the name of a future. The common is always in front of us, it is a process. We are this common: making, producing, participating, moving, sharing, circulating, enriching, inventing, restarting.” • “Today democracy can no longer be thought of but in radically different terms: as common management of the common.”

14. Preliminary sketch Open science economy

15. Openness and Knowledge Production • Manifesto for Education in the Age of Cognitive Capitalism: Freedom, Creativity and Culture, Economics, Management, and Financial Markets,6(1), 2011, pp. 63–92. • Three Forms of Knowledge Economy: Learning, Creativity, Openness, British Journal of Educational Studies, 58 (1), 2010: 67-88. • Creativity, Openness and the Global Knowledge Economy: The Advent of User-generated Cultures, Economics, Management, and Financial Markets, 2011, 5(3).

16. Openness & Rise of Global Science • On the Philosophy of Open Science, The International Journal of Science in Society, 1 (1), 2009: 1-27. • The Changing Architecture of Global Science, Policy Brief and Occasional Paper (long version), Center for Global Studies, University of Illinois, 2009, at www.cgs.uiuc.edu. • The Rise of Global Science and the Emerging Political Economy of International Research Collaborations, European Journal of Education: Research, development and policies, ‘The European University: between governance, discipline and network’ 41 (2): 225-244. • Open Education and the Open Science Economy, Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Thomas S. Popkewitz & FazalRizvi (Eds.), 2009: 203-225.

17. Openness and Global Commons • ‘Openness’ and the Global Knowledge Commons: An Emerging Mode of Social Production for Education and Science. In: Hugh Lauder, Michael Young, Harry Daniels, Maria Balarin, John Lowe (Eds.) Educating for the Knowledge Economy? Critical Perspectives. Oxford, Routledge, 2012. • ‘Knowledge Economy,’ Economic Crisis & Cognitive Capitalism: Public Education and the Promise of Open Science. In: David R Cole (Ed.) Surviving Economic Crises through Education, New York, Peter Lang, 2012. • Knowledge Socialism: Intellectual Commons and Openness in the University. In: Ronald Barnett (Ed.) The Future University: Ideas and Possibilities. London, Routledge, 2011.

18. Open Science EconomyDistributed knowledge systems • The open-science economy (OSE) is a rapidly growing sector of the global knowledge economy utilizing open-source models and its multiple applications (e.g. open access, open archiving, open publishing, open repositories) in distributed knowledge and learning systems.

19. User-generated knowledge production • This rich-text, highly interactive, user-generated OSE has seen linear models of knowledge production give way to more diffuse, open-ended, decentralized, and serendipitous knowledge processes based on open innovation and Web 2 platform technologies.

20. p2p knowledge systems • Peer-to-peer distributed knowledge systems rival the scope and quality of traditional proprietary products through the diffusion speed and global access of open-source projects, especially in both software and open-source biology.

21. Non-propertarian • OSE encourages innovation-smart processes based on the radical non-propertarian sharing of content, cloud data computing, and the leveraging of cross-border international exchanges and collaborations.

22. Social mode of production • OSE encourages a culture of distributed, collaborative, decentralized model of research that is genuinely participatory, involving the wider public and amateur scientists along with experts in the social mode of open knowledge production.

23. Global science gateways • OSE provides an alternative to the intellectual property approach to dealing with difficult problems in the allocation of resources for the production and distribution of knowledge and information. Increasingly, portal-based knowledge environments and global science gateways support collaborative science.

24. Open-source informatics & revival of the public • Open-source informatics enables knowledge grids that interconnect science communities, databases, and new computational tools. • Open science is seen as a means for revitalizing public institutions and for developing scientific creativity and innovation at a global level through international collaboration.

25. The beginning The era of open science

26. The Era of Open Science

27. The Web of Science

28. Purposes of Open Science

29. Towards open science in the 21st century, 2012 • The grand challenges of the 21st century transcend borders, and science will be increasingly global. A strong commitment to open science by the scientific community, as represented by ALLEA and its Member Academies, and by science funders, like the European Commission, will stimulate science inside and outside of Europe: the emerging Global Knowledge Partnership promises more efficient data-sharing, amplification of observations, replication of experiments, better testing of theories and accelerates innovation. It will enhance transparency and integrity to the scientific enterprise.

30. A Vision for Open Science in the 21st century • “Powerful digital technologies for data acquisition, storage and manipulation create new opportunities, but also risk widening the “digital divide”. Open Science envisages optimal sharing of research results and tools: publications, data, software, and educational resources. It will rely on advanced e-infrastructures that enable online research collaboration. The potential to link cognate, and to re-use initially unrelated datasets will reveal unexpected relationships and will trigger new dynamics of scientific discovery.”

31. Open science environments • “The collective intelligence of scientific communities will be unleashed through new collaborations across institutional, disciplinary, sectoral and national boundaries. The open science environments will help restore transparency and integrity to the scientific enterprise, for all to see. New points of exchange with non-academic end-users of scientific knowledge will be created, and progress will be made towards the vision of scientifically literate societies: this may require releasing scientific data in forms that are accessible to citizens.”

32. Requirements for Open Science • Open Scientific Content arising from publicly funded research • Publications should be made openly available online, as soon and as freely as possible, as should also educational resources and software resulting from publicly funded research. • Open e-Infrastructures for public and private research • High-performance and economically efficient ICT infrastructures are needed to manage the expected scale of future data flows • Towards an Open Science Culture • Academic assessment and reward systems should see merit in participation in the culture of sharing, in enabling online collaboration and reproducible e-science.

33. "Open Infrastructures for Open Science”, 2012 • The European Commission is drawing up a proposal to open up access to the results of research funded under its proposed €85 billion (US$111 billion) Horizon 2020 research programme. • “there is no reason why subscription access only models should remain dominant for access to research publications in an era when distribution costs approach zero.” • NeelieKroes, VP of EC, responsible for the Digital Agenda for Europe

34. The Era of Open Science • “We [are entering] the era of open science. Take ‘Big Data’ analysis. Every year, the scientific community produces data 20 times as large as that held in the US Library of Congress.” • “Open access databases like the European EMBL and the US GenBank double every nine months, and already store over 400 billion DNA bases.

35. Scientific computing, open journals systems, linked open data Elements of open science

36. Developments of scientific computing • Cluster supercomputers and high performance storage systems • the invention and analysis of new core algorithms • advanced software development and exploration of new architectures for large-scale computing • New forms of data mining and analysis

37. Emergence of bioinformatics • Informatization of biology; Biologization of information • “Bio-informational Capitalism”, forthcoming in Thesis Eleven, 2012: • “Organic computing is a form of biologically-inspired computing with organic properties that has emerged for as the future of information processing systems. Networks of intelligent systems can act more independently, flexibly, and autonomously, exhibiting life-like properties that demonstrate propensities for self-organization, self-configuration, self-healing, self-protection and context-awareness.”

38. Open source based scientific computing • Open source software enables researchers to rapidly reproduce the results of computational experiments and explore the behavior of algorithms • Open data enables researchers to apply their software to pertinent test cases, and compare competing algorithms. • Open Science provides many other benefits including fostering rapid innovation, fair comparison of technology, and providing an ideal resource for educating technologists of the future

39. Open Access Journals PLoS - An example Open data initiatives are becoming widespread

40. Networks of scientific knowledge

41. PLoS

42. Nonprofit publisher

43. Public Library of Science journals • PLoS publishes seven peer-reviewed open-access journals. The journals vary in their selectivity and contain differing amounts of commentary articles from opinion leaders in a variety of scientific disciplines. They include: • PLoS ONE • PLoS Genetics • PLoS Pathogens • PLoS Computational BiologyPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases • PLoS Medicine • PLoS Biology

44. The Wellcome Trust, 2012 • The Wellcome Trust, one of the world’s largest biomedical charities, will launch its own free online publication to compete with subscription-based journals and enable scientists to make their research findings freely available. • The paradox was that peer review was one of the biggest costs of publishing papers: scientists do it for free and then the fruits of their review work are "locked behind a paywall” -Sir Mark Walport

45. “The Academic Spring” • Nearly 11,000 researchers who signed up to a boycott of journals that restrict free sharing, initiated by Tim Gowers, the British mathematician. • It is part of a campaign that supporters call the “academic spring”, due to its aim to revolutionise the spread of knowledge.

46. Open access to academic research • UK Science Minister David Willetts • “Giving people the right to roam freely over publicly funded research will usher in a new era of academic discovery and collaboration, and will put the UK at the forefront of open research.”

47. The new taxonomies and data universes Open aggregate data sites

48. DATA.GOV

49. Linked Data • Linked data is data in which real-world things are given addresses on the web (URIs), and data is published about them in machine-readable formats at those locations. Other datasets can then point to those things using their URIs, which means that people using the data can find out more about something without that information being copied into the original dataset. This page lists the sectors for which we currently publish linked data and some additional resources that will help you to use it. Most sectors have one or more SPARQL endpoints, which enable you to perform searches across the data; you can access these interactively on this site. Reference Reference data covers the central working of government, including organisational structures where these have been made available as RDF. Browse • Visualisation • Government Departments • Other Public Bodies • Ministers • Members of Parliament • Members of the House of Lords • Companies House

50. The Open Science Project