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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis. The process autotrophs use to make glucose sugars from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy. sunlight. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2. Photosynthesis and Respiration are complementary cycles. Energy in Sunlight. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

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Photosynthesis

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  1. Photosynthesis • The process autotrophs use to make glucose sugars from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy sunlight 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  2. Photosynthesis and Respiration are complementary cycles Energy in Sunlight 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O Enzymes Enzymes Energy out ATP

  3. How energy flows through the ecosystem Autotrophs Radiant energy Photosynthesis carbohydrates heat Respiration Heterotrophs Heterotrophs

  4. How organisms get energy • Autotrophs: able to produce own glucose • Ex: plants, algae, cyanobacteria • Also called: producers • Heterotrophs: must take in glucose from outside source • Ex: animals, fungus, most bacteria, protozoans • Also called: consumers

  5. Why is food so important? • The energy from carbon based molecules (food) are needed to charge ATP molecules, which provide energy for metabolic reactions. Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

  6. ADP and ATP • To get energy out of ATP, the bond between the last two phosphate groups is broken. ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

  7. Importance of energy • Cells need energy to be able to carry out important metabolic functions to sustain life. • Ex: Active transport, cell division, movement of flagella or cilia, and the production, transport, and storage of proteins

  8. Where and how are sugars made? Light Energy Chloroplast CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

  9. Chlorophyll is a pigment, a molecule that can absorb light energy. Unused light is reflected. What is the color of the wavelength least used by chlorophyll? Pigments Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a V B G Y O R

  10. Photosynthesis pigments • A. chlorophyll (reflects light green) • B. chlorophyll b(reflects dark green) • C. xanthophyll(reflects yellow) • D. carotenoid(reflects orange)

  11. Chromatography • The process of separating colored solutions to determine the number of pigments in the solution • The smaller and more soluble the pigment the further it is carried by the solvent

  12. H20 CO2 Sugars O2 How does photosynthesis work? • Light dependent reaction • Calvin cycle Light Chloroplast NADP+ ADP + P Chloroplast Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH

  13. Step 1: Light dependent reaction Hydrogen Ion Movement Chloroplast Photosystem II ATP synthase Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation

  14. Light dependent reaction • Pigments (chlorophyll) inside of the chloroplasts are arranged into photosystems (PS II and PS I). • Photosystems absorb sunlight. • Electrons become energized and help to produce ATP & NADPH.

  15. Step 1: LightDependent reactions • location: grana of chloroplast • Photosystem II: • energized chlorophyll splits water into Oxygen (released) and Hydrogen (carried by NADP to be used later) • Photosystem I: • energized chlorophyll makes ATP (to be used later)

  16. Light Dependent reactions • The products of the light reactions will move on to the Calvin cycle: • ATP • NADPH

  17. Step 2: Calvin cycle CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input ChloropIast 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Sugars and other compounds

  18. Light Independent Reactions(Calvin Cycle) • Location: stroma (fluid) of chloroplast • CO2 is “fixed” by RuBP & begins the cycle becoming PGA, then PGAL after hydrogen (from NADP) and energy (from ATP) are added. • Products:Glucose (sugar/food) is made (from 6 turns of cycle) • RuBP is recycled for next time 6CO2+ 6H2O C6H12O6+ 6O2

  19. Calvin cycle • The NADPH supplies the energy needed to change the CO2 taken into the cell into a 6 carbon molecule. • This 6 carbon molecule is made into sugars. glucose

  20. What happens to the sugar? • Plants can store the sugar in roots or stems (ex: potatoes, turnips, carrots, sugar cane) • Heterotrophs such as humans must eat or consume (ex. Carrots, potatoes) foods in order to make ATP by cellular respiration. • Sugars & starches are used to make ATP by cellular respiration as needed.

  21. ALL living organisms need and use energy. • Therefore ALL organisms need ATP • ALL organisms plants and animals, fungi, bacteria and protists make their ATP through respiration

  22. Photosynthesis and Respiration are complementary cycles Energy in Sunlight 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O Enzymes Enzymes Energy out ATP

  23. Releases energy for cell metabolism Cellular respiration

  24. Two types of respiration • Aerobic respiration: Organisms that require oxygen use aerobic respiration to make ATP but switch to fermentation when oxygen is not available. • Anaerobic respiration: Organisms that live without oxygen use anaerobic respiration to make ATP and die in the presence of oxygen.

  25. Where cell respiration takes place • Prokaryotes: cell membrane • Eukaryotes: mitochondria organelle

  26. Overview of cellular respiration Glucose Krebs cycle Electrontransport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen)

  27. Overview of aerobic respiration Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Glycolysis Mitochondrion Cytoplasm

  28. Steps of aerobic respiration • Glycolysis • Krebs cycle • Electron transport chain • ATP synthase

  29. Step 1: Glycolysis • Glucose molecules are broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid. Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

  30. GLYCOLYSIS • Anaerobic stage (occurs without oxygen) • Location: cytoplasm • Carbons? Glucose (6 C) is split into two 3-Cs by the force of 2 ATP molecules • Products? Hydrogen is saved by NAD to be used later & 4 ATP (net gain of 2) are produced

  31. Step 2: Krebs cycle • The pyruvic acid is altered to produce NADH, an electron carrier. Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

  32. KREBS CYCLE • Location: mitochondria (fluid matrix) • Carbon compounds join & break apart several times during the cycle, making lots of CO2 • Products: small amount of ATP & large amount of NADH (used later)

  33. Step 3: Electron transport chain Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production

  34. Electron transport chain • Location: mitochondria (cristae, inner membrane) • Energy from Hydrogen atom’s electrons is utilized to charge ADP into ATP • Hydrogen ultimately joins oxygen to make water as a waste product

  35. Electron transport chain • NADH supplies the electron needed to start the ETC. • Hydrogen ions (protons) are released. • The protons flow through the ATP-making enzyme (ATP synthase), activating the enzyme to add a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP.

  36. Electron transport chain video Click on image to play video.

  37. What happens if there is no oxygen available and the organism is aerobic? • Glycolysis • Fermentation: lactic acid or alcohol Glucose Pyruvic acid

  38. Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) • Without enough oxygen present, an “alternate route” is taken, producing other products & much less ATP • In yeast: Alcohol and CO2 are produced • Ex: in bread-making & the alcohol industry

  39. Alcohol industry • Yeast undergo alcohol fermentation when they do not have oxygen to make ATP. • The alcohol industry uses specific yeast to convert fruit sugars into alcohol.

  40. Sore muscles • When a person exercises, the muscle cells use up oxygen faster than a person can breathe in. • The muscle cells need O2 to make ATP. • The cells perform lactic acid fermentation instead producing lactic acid in the cellsand when in higher concentrations, makes muscles feel sore. US Swim Team members 2004

  41. Photosynthesis CO2 Light glucose Hydrogen NADP ATP oxygen water

  42. Cell Respiration glucose oxygen 38ATP Glycolysis Electron transport 3 C comp water NADH Krebs cycle CO2

  43. Endosymbiotic Theory • Lynn Margulisproposed that certain organelles evolved from a symbiotic relationship between a host cell and early prokaryotes • Mitochondria were chemosynthetic aerobic prokaryotes • Chloroplasts were photosynthetic prokaryotes

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