Topic 4 – Transport Terminals

1. Topic 4 – Transport Terminals The Function of Transport Terminals Ports and Rail Terminals Airport Terminals

2. A – The Function of Transport Terminals 1. Transport Terminals 2. Passengers Terminals 3. Freight Terminals 4. Terminal Costs

3. 1. Transport Terminals • Concept • Any location where freight and passengers either originates, terminates, or is handled in the transportation process. • All spatial flows involve movements between terminals: • Except personal vehicular and pedestrian trips. • Cannot travel individually, but in batches. • People have to go to bus terminals and airports first to reach their final destinations. • Freight has to reach a port, a rail yard or a distribution center before onward shipment. • Terminals are essential links in transportation chains: • Consolidation. • Deconsolidation. • Transshipment.

4. Major Features of Transport Terminals

5. Centrality and Intermediacy Centrality Intermediacy Gateway Range Hub (Interception) Hub (Transcalar)

6. 2. Passengers Terminals • Overview • Passenger terminals require relatively little specific equipment. • Simple structures. • Basic amenities (waiting areas, ticket counters, food services). • Airports • The most complex terminals. • Passengers may spend several hours in the terminal. • Transiting, check-in and security checks, baggage pick up and customs and immigration on international arrivals. • Wide range of services. • Provide the very specific needs of the aircraft.

7. Main Concourse, Madrid Airport, Spain

8. 3. Freight Terminals • Specialized entities • Specific loading and unloading equipment. • Wide range of handling gear is required. • Differentiated functionally: • Mode (maritime, rail). • Commodities (oil, grain, coal). • Bulk, general cargo and container terminals. • Warehousing • Assembling bundles of goods: • Time-consuming and storage may be required. • Specialized infrastructures: • Grain silos, storage tanks, and refrigerated warehouses, or simply space to stockpile.

9. Hong Kong International Distribution Center

10. Main Types of Freight Terminals

11. Modal Separation in Space: Europa Terminal in Antwerp Barges Trucks Rail Deepsea services

12. Terminal Costs Cost C1 C2 C3 Road Rail Maritime T3 T2 T1 Distance

13. Factors behind the Interest of Equity Firms in Transport Terminals

14. B – Ports and Rail Terminals 1. Port Sites 2. Port Functions 3. Rail Terminals

15. 1. Port Sites • Ports • Convergence between two domains of freight circulation: • Land and maritime domains. • Facilitates convergence between land transport and maritime systems. • Handle the largest amounts of freight, more than any other types of terminals combined. • Infrastructures to accommodate transshipment activities. • Administration: • Submitted to authorities. • Regulating infrastructure investments, its organization and development and its relationships with customers using its services.

16. 1. Port Sites

17. The Evolution of a Port (Anyport Model) Expansion Specialization Setting 4 4 4 3 5 2 1 3 2 4 4 Rail Terminal facilities Downtown Reconversion Water depth Highway Port-related activities Urban expansion

18. Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam

19. 2. Port Functions • Main functions • Supply services to freight (warehousing, transshipment, etc.). • Supply services to ships (piers, refueling, repairs, etc.). • Concomitantly a maritime and land terminal. • Hong Kong: • Natural site. • Geographical position of a transit harbor for southern China. • Singapore: • Outlet of the strategic Strait of Malacca. • Convergence of Southeast Asian transportation. • New York: • Gateway of the North American Midwest. • Hudson / Erie canal system.

20. 2. Port Functions • Port activities • About 4,600 ports in are in operation worldwide. • Less than 100 ports have a global importance. • High level of concentration in a limited number of large ports. • Linked to maritime access and infrastructure development. • Gateways of continental distribution systems. • Containerization has substantially changed port dynamics. • Port types • Monofunctionnal ports: • Transit a limited array of commodities, most often dry or liquid bulks. • Specialized piers. • Polyfunctionnal ports: • Several transshipment and industrial activities are present. • Variety of specialized and general cargo piers.

21. Container Ports of More than 1 Million TEU, 2007

22. Monthly Container Traffic at the Port of Los Angeles, 1995-2010

23. Configuration of a Maritime Container Terminal Rail Road Container crane Docking area Administration Empties On dock rail terminal Gate Container storage Repair / maintenance Truck loading / unloading Chassis storage Loading / unloading area

24. Port Elizabeth, New York

25. Intermediate Hub Terminals Relay Hub-and-Spoke Deep-sea line Feeder Hub Interlining 85% of Transshipment Traffic 15% of Transshipment Traffic Interface between several pendulum routes along the same maritime range, but servicing a different array of port calls. Point of interchange between several long distance shipping lines. Interface between short distance feeder lines and long distance deep-sea lines, linking regional and global shipping networks.

26. World’s Main Intermediate Hubs, 2007

27. 2. Port Functions Land Access Land Space Port Site Interface Infrastructures Maritime Space Maritime Access

28. The American Waterway System and Channel Depth at Major Container Ports

29. 3. Rail Terminals • Location • Not as space-extensive as airports and ports. • Suffer less from site constraints: • Many established prior to the Second World War. • Cities were more compact and land acquisition was easier. • Passengers and freight terminals: • Different locations. • Central railway stations: • Feature of most cities and tend to be located in downtown areas. • Key elements of urban centrality and activity. • Freight rail stations: • Consume more space. • Tend to be located at the periphery. • Older yards tend to be located at the margin of CBDs.

30. Centraal Train Station, Amsterdam

31. TGV Train at Gare de Lyon, Paris, France

32. Antwerp Centraal Train Station, Belgium

33. Quai d'Orsay Museum, Paris, France

34. Configuration of a Rail Container Terminal Classification Yard Classification Yard Intermodal Yard Repair / maintenance Gate / Administration Container / Chassis Pick Up / Drop Off / Storage Chassis storage 1 km Rail Track Operations Storage Yard Operations Gate Operations

35. Bedford Rail Yard, Chicago

36. C – Airport Terminals 1. Airport Sites 2. Airport Functions

37. Geographical Scales of Airport Location Role and function in the international and regional urban system. Centrality (being an origin and destination of air traffic) and intermediacy (a hub or a gateway between destinations). International / Regional Level of accessibility of the airport over the metropolitan area it services. Daily flows of planes, passengers, freight to and from the airport's terminals. Local

38. Air Terminals: The Technical Support of Air Transportation Runways and parking areas. About 3,300 meters (10,000 feet; 747 to takeoff). Slope (less 1%), altitude and meteorological conditions. About 32 movements (landings and takeoffs) per hour are possible on a commercial runway under optimal conditions. Airfield Isle Shuttles Terminal Terminal 3 2 1 Freight and passenger transit infrastructures. Infrastructures for plane accommodation. Linked with local transport systems.

39. Newark Airport, terminal C

40. O’Hare Airport Modernization Program

41. 1. Airport Sites • Land requirements • Land required by modern airport operations is considerable: • Landing and take off of planes. • Buffer between the adjacent urban areas to limit the noise generated. • Parking areas in airports located in car dependent cities. • Peripheral sites: • Sufficient quantities of land available. • The more recently an airport was constructed, the more likely this airport is to be located far from the city center. • Expansion and relocation: • Extremely difficult. • Most airports have grown at locations chosen in the 1950s and 1960s. • Most airports are now surrounded. • Only sites available are far from the urban core.

42. Airport Location Factors City Center Low High High Commuting radius High Low Low Benefits Externalities Suitability Location Ring

43. Distance from CBD and Age of the World’s 30 Largest Airports

44. Recently Completed Airports by Cost

45. Site of the Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Terminal Train station Passengerterminal Northern runway LRT Future Terminal Expansion Southern runway Logistics and cargo area To Kowloon and Hong Kong

46. Aerial View of Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Airport Terminal

47. Kansai International Airport, Osaka Bay, Japan

48. Aerial View of the Dallas / Fort Worth Airport

49. PhosavanAirfield, Laos

50. The Central Park Airport in Manhattan…