Historical Facts about the Mayan, Aztec, and Incas

1. The Americas By: Ashley, Erica, Ken, & Sandra Historical Facts about the Mayan, Aztec, and Incas

2. The Aztecs Date Event Aztecs (Mexica) left homeland (Aztlan) in search of new home. Aztecs arrived in Valley of Mexico. Aztecs settled near Lake Texcoco.   Stronger groups forced the Aztecs to live in Chapultepec Tenochtitlan was founded. First temple built by Aztecs.   Causeways built with canals.   Tenoch, Aztec Priest-Ruler, died. Aztecs ruled by Tepanecs.   Acamapichtli becomes first ruler of Aztecs.       Defeat of Tepaneces by Triple Alliances. Moctezuma I started rule.   Tenochtitlan destroyed by flood. • 1100 • 1195 • 1250 • 1319 • 1325 • 1350 • 1370 • 1370 • 1375 • 1428 • 1440 • 1450

3. The Aztecs Date Event Moctezuma sent armies to conquer lands Moctezuma I dies   Ahuizotu becomes ruler.   Great Temple at Tenochtitlan dedicated. The empire reached the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean. Moctezuma II became ruler. Aztec Empire at height.   Cortez comes to Mexico. Moctezuma II is killed   Cuitlahuac elected ruler.   Tenochtitlan destroyed.   Tenochtitlan rebuilt, named Mexico City. Declared capital of Spanish colony of New Spain. • 1458 • 1469 • 1486 • 1487 • 1500 • 1502 • 1519 • 1520 • 1521 • 1522

4. The Incas Date Event Incas journey to Peru from the Andes Incan Empire expands from northern Ecuador to Chile Inca Rocca founds Henan Cuzco dynasty expansion of the Inca empire begins under Pachacuti Attacked by the Chancas conquered Chimu empire covered about 350,000 square miles • 1200 AD • 1300 AD • 1350 AD • 1438 AD • 1438 AD • 1470 AD • 1500 AD

5. The Incas Date Event Huayna Capac dies and divides his empire between his two sons, Atahuallpa and Huascar civil war wages between Atahuallpa and Huascar Atahuallpa defeats Huascar Spaniards, led by Francisco Pizarro, capture Atahuallpa Atahuallpa is executed marking the beginning of the Spanish rule Manco is appointed as a puppet ruler of the Inca by Pizarro Manco rebels and drives the Spanish from Cuzco • 1523 AD • 1525-1532 AD • 1532 AD • 1532 AD • 1533 AD • 1533 AD • 1536 AD

6. 11,000 B.C.The first hunter-gatherers settle in the Maya highlands and lowlands. • 3114 or 3113 B.C.The creation of the world takes place, according to the Maya Long Count calendar. • 2600 B.C.Maya civilization begins. • Olmec figurine • 2000 B.C.The rise of the Olmec civilization, from which many aspects of Maya culture are derived. Village farming becomes established throughout Maya regions. • 700 B.C.Writing is developed in Mesoamerica. • 400 B.C.The earliest known solar calendars carved in stone are in use among the Maya, although the solar calendar may have been known and used by the Maya before this date. • Mayan Calendar • 300 B.C.The Maya adopt the idea of a hierarchical society ruled by nobles and kings. • 100 B.C.The city of Teotihuacan is founded and for centuries is the cultural, religious and trading center of Mesoamerica. • 50 B.C.The Maya city of Cerros is built, with a complex of temples and ball courts. It is abandoned (for reasons unknown) a hundred years later and its people return to fishing and farming. • Teotihuacan • 100 A.D.The decline of the Olmecs. • 400 The Maya highlands fall under the domination of Teotihuacan, and the disintegration of Maya culture and language begins in some parts of the highlands. • 500 The Maya city of Tikal becomes the first great Maya city, as citizens from Teotihuacan make their way to Tikal, introducing new ideas involving weaponry, captives, ritual practices and human sacrifice. • Palenque • 600 An unknown event destroys the civilization at Teotihuacan, along with the empire it supported. Tikal becomes the largest city-state in Mesoamerica, with as many as 500,000 inhabitants within the city and its hinterland. • 683 The Emperor Pacal dies at the age of 80 and is buried in the Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque. • Tikal • 751 Long-standing Maya alliances begin to break down. Trade between Maya city-states declines, and inter-state conflict increases. • 869 Construction ceases in Tikal, marking the beginning of the city's decline. • 899 Tikal is abandoned. • 900 The Classic Period of Maya history ends, with the collapse of the southern lowland cities. Maya cities in the northern Yucatan continue to thrive. • 1200 Northern Maya cities begin to be abandoned. • 1224 The city of Chichen Itza is abandoned by the Toltecs. A people known as the Uicil-abnal, which later takes the name Itza, settles in the desolate city. • Chichen Itza • 1244 The Itza abandon Chichen Itza for reasons unknown. • 1263 The Itza begin building the city of Mayapan. • 1283 Mayapan becomes the capital of Yucatan. • Mayapan • 1441 There is a rebellion within Mayapan and the city is abandoned by 1461. Shortly after this, Yucatan degenerates from a single united kingdom into sixteen rival statelets, each anxious to become the most powerful. • 1492 Columbus discovers America • Conquistadores • 1511 A Spaniard named Gonzalo Guerrero is shipwrecked and washed up on the eastern shore of Yucatan. He defects to the Maya, tattooing his face, piercing his ears and marrying into a Maya noble family. Guerrero later becomes an implacable foe of the Spaniards and does much to help the Maya resist Spanish rule in Yucatan. • 1517 The Spanish first arrive on the shores of Yucatan under Hernandez de Cordoba, who later dies of wounds received in battle against the Maya. The arrival of the Spanish ushers in Old World diseases unknown among the Maya, including smallpox, influenza and measles. Within a century, 90 per cent of Mesoamerica's native populations will be killed off. • 1519 Hernan Cortes begins exploring Yucatan. • 1524 Cortes meets the Itza people, the last of the Maya peoples to remain unconquered by the Spanish. The Spanish leave the Itza alone until the seventeenth century. • Cortez • 1528 The Spanish under Francisco de Montejo begin their conquest of the northern Maya. The Maya fight back with surprising vigour, keeping the Spanish at bay for several years. • 1541 The Spanish are finally able to subdue the Maya and put an end to Maya resistance. Revolt continues, however, to plague the Spaniards off and on for the rest of the century. • 1542 The Spanish establish a capital city at Merida in Yucatan. • 1695 The ruins of Tikal are discovered by chance by the Spanish priest Father Avedaño and his companions, who had become lost in the jungle. • Mayan woman from Chiapas • 1712 The Maya of the Chiapas highlands rise against the Mexican government. They will continue to do so off and on until the 1990s. • 1724 The Spanish Crown abolishes the system of encomienda, which had given Spanish land barons the right to forced Maya labor, as long as they agreed to convert the Maya to Christianity. • 1821 Mexico becomes independent from Spain. In general, life becomes more tolerable for the Maya than it had been under Spanish rule. • 1822 An account of Antonio del Rio's late eighteenth-century explorations of Palenque is published in London. The book raises a great deal of interest in further exploration of the "lost" Maya civilization and settlements. • Catherwood drawing • 1839 American diplomat and lawyer John Lloyd Stephens and English topographical artist Frederick Catherwood begin a series of explorations into Maya regions, revealing the full splendor of classical Maya civilization to the world for the first time. • 1847 The Yucatan Maya rise up against the Mexican government, rebelling against the miserable conditions and cruelty they have suffered at the hands of the whites. The rebellion is so successful that the Maya almost manage to take over the entire peninsula in what has become known as the War of the Castes. • Mayan woman from the Yucatan • 1850 A miraculous "talking cross" in a village in central Quintana Roo predicts a holy war against the whites. Bolstered by arms received from the British in Belize, the Maya form into quasi-military companies inspired by messianic zeal. The fighting continues until 1901. • 1860 The Yucatan Maya rebel again. • 1864 Workmen digging a canal on the Caribbean coast of Guatemala discover a jade plaque inscribed with a date of A.D. 320. The plaque becomes one of the oldest known objects dated in the Maya fashion. • 1880 A new tide of government intervention in Maya life begins as governments attempt to force the Maya to become laborers on cash-crop plantations. This destroys many aspects of Maya cultural traditions and agricultural methods preserved over 4,000 years. Towns which had been protected for the Maya soon become a haven for mixed-race ladinos who prey economically on the indigenous Maya and usurp all positions of social and economic power. • Zapata • 1910 Rampant government corruption leads to the Mexican Revolution. • 1946 American photographer Giles Healey is taken to the Maya city of Bonampak by the native Lacandon who live nearby. Healey becomes the first non-Maya ever to see Bonampak's stunning wall-paintings, which reveal new details about Maya civilization. • 1952 The Priest-king Pacal's tomb at Palenque is discovered and excavated by Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz, marking the first time a tomb has been found inside a Maya pyramid. Prior to this, Maya pyramids were believed to be temples with a purely religious or ceremonial purpose. • RigobertaMenchu • 1962 Maya hieroglyphic signs are first catalogued. Uncontrolled looting of Maya tombs and other sites begins around this time in the southern lowlands, continuing until well into the 1970s. • 1992 A Quiche Maya woman from Guatemala named RigobertaMenchu, who had lost most of her family to the death squads and known for speaking out against the extermination of the Maya, wins the Nobel Peace Prize.