Human Resource Management 10 th Edition Chapter 4 JOB ANALYSIS, STRATEGIC PLANNING, AND HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING

HRM in Action: Disaster Planning—Up Close and Personal with Hurricane Rita • Focus on catastrophes ranging from natural calamities such as hurricanes, earthquakes and floods to man-made crises such as 9/11 • Cover day-to-day occurrences such as power failures, server malfunctions, and virus attacks • How will company respond? © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Definitions • Job analysis - Systematic process of determining skills, duties, and knowledge required for performing jobs in organization • Job - Consists of group of tasks that must be performed for organization to achieve its goals • Position - Collection of tasks and responsibilities performed by one person; there is a position for every individual in organization © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Questions Job Analysis Should Answer • What physical and mental tasks does worker accomplish? • When is job to be completed? • Where is job to be accomplished? • How does worker do job? • Why is job done? • What qualifications are needed to perform job? © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Job Analysis: A Basic Human Resource Management Tool • Staffing • Training and Development • Performance Appraisal • Compensation • Safety and Health • Employee and Labor Relations • Legal Considerations Tasks Responsibilities Duties Job Descriptions Job Analysis Job Specifications Knowledge Skills Abilities © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Reasons For Conducting Job Analysis • Staffing - Haphazard if recruiter does not know qualifications needed for job • Training and Development - If specification lists particular knowledge, skill, or ability, and person filling position does not possess all necessary qualifications, training and/or development is needed • Performance Appraisal - Employees should be evaluated in terms of how well they accomplish the duties specified in their job descriptions and any other specific goals that may have been established • Compensation – Value of job must be known before dollar value can be placed on it © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Reasons For Conducting Job Analysis (Cont.) • Safety and Health – Helps identify safety and health considerations • Employee and Labor Relations – Lead to more objective human resource decisions • Legal Considerations – Having done job analysis important for supporting legality of employment practices © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Summary of Types of Data Collected Through Job Analysis • Work Activities - Work activities and processes; activity records (in film form, for example); procedures used; personal responsibility • Worker-oriented activities - Human behaviors, such as physical actions and communicating on job; elemental motions for methods analysis; personal job demands, such as energy expenditure © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Summary of Types of Data Collected Through Job Analysis (Cont.) • Machines, tools, equipment, and work aids used • Job-related tangibles and intangibles - Knowledge dealt with or applied (as in accounting); materials processed; products made or services performed • Work performance - Error analysis; work standards; work measurements, such as time taken for a task © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Summary of Types of Data Collected Through Job Analysis (Cont.) • Job context - Work schedule; financial and nonfinancial incentives; physical working conditions; organizational and social contexts • Personal requirements for job - Personal attributes such as personality and interests; education and training required; work experience © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Questionnaires • Typically quick and economical to use • Structured questionnaire to employees • Problem: Employees may lack verbal skills • Some employees tend to exaggerate significance of their tasks © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Observation • Job analyst watches worker perform job tasks and records observations • Used primarily to gather information on jobs emphasizing manual skills • Used alone is often insufficient • Difficulty: When mental skills are dominant in a job © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Interviews • Interview both employee and supervisor • Interview employee first, helping him or her describe duties performed • Then, analyst normally contacts supervisor for additional information © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Combination of Methods • Usually use more than one method • Clerical and administrative jobs: questionnaires supported by interviews and limited observation • Production jobs: interviews supplemented by extensive work observations may provide necessary data © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Other Methods Available for Conducting Job Analysis • Department of Labor Job Analysis Schedule • Functional Job Analysis • Position Analysis Questionnaire • Management Position Description Questionnaire • Guidelines-Oriented Job Analysis © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Department of Labor Job Analysis Schedule • Structured job analysis questionnaire that uses a checklist approach to identify job elements • Focuses on general worker behaviors instead of tasks • Some 194 job descriptors relate to job-oriented elements © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Functional Job Analysis • Concentrates on the interactions among the work, the worker, and the organization • Modification of the job analysis schedule • Assesses specific job outputs and identifies job tasks in terms of task statements © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Position Analysis Questionnaire • Uses a checklist approach to identify job elements • Focuses on general worker behaviors instead of tasks • 194 job descriptors relate to job-oriented elements • Each job being studied is scored relative to the 32 job dimensions © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Management Position Description Questionnaire • Designed for management positions • Uses a checklist to analyze jobs • Has been used to determine the training needs of individuals who are slated to move into managerial positions • Has been used to evaluate and set compensation rates for managerial jobs and to assign the jobs to job families © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Guidelines-Oriented Job Analysis • Step-by-step procedure for describing the work of a particular job classification • Obtains the following types of information: (1) machines, tools, and equipment; (2) supervision; (3) contacts; (4) duties; (5) knowledge, skills, and abilities; (6) physical and other requirements; and (7) differentiating requirements © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Content of a Job Description • Job Identification – Job title, department, reporting relationship, and job number or code • Job Analysis Date – Aids in identifying job changes that would make description obsolete • Job Summary – Concise overview of job • Duties Performed – Major duties © 2008 by Prentice Hall

O*NET, the Occupational Information Network • Comprehensive government developed database of worker attributes and job characteristics • Primary source of occupational information • Replaces Dictionary of Occupational Titles(DOT) © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Job Specification • Job Specification - Minimum qualifications person should possess to perform particular job • Should reflect minimum, not ideal qualifications for particular job • Job specifications are often included as major section of job descriptions © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Problems If Job Specifications Are Inflated • May systematically eliminate minorities or women from considerations • Compensation costs will increase • Job vacancies will be harder to fill © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Job Analysis for Team Members • With team design, there are no narrow jobs • Work departments do is often bundled into teams • Last duty shown on proverbial job description, “And any other duty that may be assigned,” is increasingly becoming THE job description. © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Job Analysis and the Law • Equal Pay Act - Similar pay must be provided if jobs are not substantially different as shown in job descriptions • Fair Labor Standards Act - Employees categorized as exempt or nonexempt © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Job Analysis and the Law (Cont.) • Civil Rights Act - Basis for adequate defenses against unfair discriminations charges in selection, promotion, and other areas of HR administration • Occupational Safety and Health Act - Specify job elements that endanger health or are considered unsatisfactory or distasteful by most people • Americans with Disabilities Act - Make reasonable accommodations for disabled workers © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Strategic Planning • Strategic planning - Process by which top management determines overall organizational purposes and objectives and how they are to be achieved • Strategic planning at all levels can be divided into four steps © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Strategic Planning and Implementation Process MISSION DETERMINATION Decide what is to be accomplished (purpose) Determine principles that will guide the effort ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Determining external conditions, threats, and opportunities Determining competencies, strengths, and weaknesses within the organization. External Internal OBJECTIVE SETTING Specifying corporate-level objectives that are: •Challenging, but attainable • Measurable • Time-specific • Documented (written) STRAGEDY SETTING Specifying and documenting corporate level strategies and planning STRAGEDY IMPLEMENTATION © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Human Resource Planning Systematic process of matching internal and external supply of people with job openings anticipated in the organization over a specified period of time © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Human Resource Planning ProcessExternal EnvironmentInternal Environment Strategic Planning Human Resource Planning Forecasting Human Resource Requirements Comparing Requirements and Availability Forecasting Human Resource Availability Demand = Supply Surplus of Workers Shortage of Workers Restricted Hiring, Reduced Hours, Early Retirement, Layoffs, Downsizing Recruitment No Action Selection © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Definitions • Requirements forecast - Determining number, skill, and location of employees organization will need at future dates in order to meet goals • Availability forecast - Determination of whether firm will be able to secure employees with necessary skills, and from what sources © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Forecasting Human Resource Requirements • Zero-based forecasting - Uses current level as starting point for determining future staffing needs • Bottom-up approach - Each level of organization, starting with lowest, forecasts its requirements to provide aggregate of employment needs. © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Forecasting Human Resource Requirements(Cont.) • Relationship between Volume of Sales and Number of Workers Required • Simulation Models - Simulation is a forecasting technique for experimenting with real-world situation through mathematical model representing that situation. A model is abstraction of the real world. © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Forecasting HR Availability • Determining whether firm will be able to secure employees with necessary skills, and from what sources • Show whether needed employees may be obtained within company, from outside organization, or from combination of these sources © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Use of HR Databases • Many workers needed for future positions may already work for firm • Databases include information on all managerial and nonmanagerial employees • Companies search databases within company to see if employees with needed qualifications already exist. Growing trend is to automatically notify qualified employees of new positions. © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Shortage of Workers Forecasted • Creative recruiting • Compensation incentives – Premium pay is one method • Training programs – Prepare previously unemployable people for positions • Different selection standards © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Downsizing • Also known as restructuringandrightsizing, is reverse of company growing and suggests one-time change in organization and number of people employed • Retention bonuses are used to entice terminated employees to remain for short periods of time to ensure continued services © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Negative Aspects of Downsizing • Cost associated with low morale of those remaining • Layers removed, making advancement in organization more difficult • Workers may seek better opportunities, fearing they may be in line for lay offs © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Negative Aspects of Downsizing (Cont.) • Employee loyalty significantly reduced • Institutional memory lost • Remaining workers required to do more • When demand for products/services returns, firm may realize it has cut too deep © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Outplacement • Laid-off employees given assistance in finding employment elsewhere • Companies use outplacement to take care of employees by moving them successfully out of company rather than having to do it on their own © 2008 by Prentice Hall

Human Resource Management 10 th Edition Chapter 4 JOB ANALYSIS, STRATEGIC PLANNING, AND HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING