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Cell Chemistry (II)

Cell Chemistry (II). Functional groups Monosaccharides & Disaccharides Metabolism: Anabolic & Catabolic. KNOW & Be Able to Draw & Identify These Functional Groups. Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Metabolism Anabolic Catabolic Synthesis. 7. Enzyme 8. Cellular respiration 9. Enzyme

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Cell Chemistry (II)

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  1. Cell Chemistry (II) Functional groups Monosaccharides & Disaccharides Metabolism: Anabolic & Catabolic

  2. KNOW & Be Able to Draw & Identify These Functional Groups

  3. Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Metabolism Anabolic Catabolic Synthesis 7. Enzyme 8. Cellular respiration 9. Enzyme 10. Oxidation 11. Reduction Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Understand Meaning/Significance of Key Terms

  4. Know Significance of These Electrolytes in Physiology • H+ • HCO3- • Fe2+ • I- • Ca2+

  5. Significance of Carbohydrates in Physiology Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

  6. Composition of Carbohydrates • All of them, mono-, di- and poly- contain the elements C, H and O • The ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1 or Cn(H2O)n OR CnH2nOn where “n” may be 5, 6 or … • If n=5 then a monosaccharide will most likely have the formula C5H10O5

  7. Classes/Categories of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides • Examples of each?

  8. Monosaccharides • Examples of monosaccharides • Glucose • Fructose • Galactose • They each have 6C, therefore called hexoses • What would be the chemical formula for each one? • Looking at the structural formula for Glucose, Would you expect it to be: • Hydrophilic? OR • Hydrophobic?

  9. Significance of Monosaccharides in Physiology • They are fuels • Body cells “burn” or “Oxidize” these fuels in order to extract from them ENERGY • Cells burn fuels by a process called: • “Cellular Respiration” • A general formula for “cellular respiration” • Fuel+ nO2 nCO2 + nH2O + Energy • Energy will be in the form of • Heat plus a chemical called nATP • By what process do monosaccharides get into/out of cells? (Study Guyton Ch.4)

  10. Disaccharides • Examples of disaccharides • Sucrose • Lactose • Maltose • Composition of sucrose • Glucose + Fructose joined by a glycosidic bond • Composition of Lactose • Glucose + Galactose joined by a glycosidic bond • Compsition of Maltose • Glucose + Glucose joined by what?

  11. Dehydration Synthesis • The type of chemical reaction by which disaccharides are produced is called: Dehydration synthesis • Formation of covalent bond requires participation of an enzyme and consumes energy • Questions? • Is dehydration synthesis an example of anabolic or catabolic metabolism? • Does it consume or yield energy?

  12. Significance of Disaccharides in Physiology • We get them in our diet when we • drink milk or malt, • or eat sugar cane or use table sugar or run on “Dunkin” • They are synthesized by cells BUT there are no mechanism/process by which they can enter body cells • So what happens to disaccharide when we consume them? (Study Guyton Ch. 65 p789-93; p793-97)

  13. Metabolism • All chemical reactions that occur in cells Examples: Dehydration Synthesis, Hydrolysis plus those in metabolic pathways (glycolysis & Krebs Cycle) • Types of metabolism • Anabolic • Catabolic • Anabolic: • For building up big and complex molecules • i.e., anabolic steroids are consumed by weight lifters • Catabolic: For breaking down big and complex molecule into simpler ones

  14. Anabolic vs Catabolic Metabolism • Anabolic • Net consumption of energy • Covalent bonds are synthesized • Example:??? • Catabolic metabolism • Net yield of energy • Covalent bonds are broken • Example:??? • Both require participation of enzymes

  15. Anabolic vs Catabolic Metabolism: Illustrated (Marieb, Ch. 3) Which one illustrates catabolic metabolism: a, b or c?

  16. Dehydration Synthesis vsHydrolysis (Marieb, Ch. 2)

  17. Glycogen: A Polysaccharide What monosaccharide is the building block for glycogen?

  18. Cell Chemistry II THE END

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