The Crusades: Brief Account

1. The Crusades:Brief Account From Internet: https://search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=crusades+in+powerpoint&ei=UTF-8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-001 Slideshow by A.S. Hashim MD

2. Decline of Byzantium In 1071, Muslim Saljuqs won an important victory at Manzikert Byzantine factions then turned on each other in civil war. The Byzantine Emperor asked Pope Urban II to help him against the Muslims

3. Pope Urban II Pop Urban II responded with a rousing speech in Clermont, France in 1095 in which he called upon Christians to “Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulcher; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves…” Urban’s speech would help launch the first of several Crusades

4. Reasons for the Crusades The Pope hoped to unite the entire eastern Mediterranean and the divided Christian faith under the banner of the Latin Church Italian city-states, with their large navies, hoped for commercial gains and were therefore keen supporters of the Crusades

5. Reasons for the Crusades The Byzantine Empire was in severe decline and no longer could act as a buffer between the Muslim East and the Catholic West Christian pilgrims visiting the holy sites in Jerusalem began experiencing increased harassment and danger “A pilgrim camp near Jericho” by David Roberts

6. The Crusader’sMotivations The Crusade’s motivations resulted in a varied assembly Men tired of hopeless poverty Adventurers seeking action Merchants looking for new markets Lords whose enlisting serfs had left them laborless Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of Christ

7. Chronology The First Crusade: 1096-1099 The Second Crusade: 1147-1148 Salahuddin Regains Jerusalem: 1187 Third Crusade: 1189-1192 Fourth Crusade: 1200-1204 (Sacking Constantinople) Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail Children’s Crusade: 1212 Spanish Crusade: 1100-1492 (Inquisition)

8. The First Crusade Pope Urban had appointed August 1096 as the time of departure, but many of the impatient peasants, who were among the first recruits, could not wait Led by Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless, they set out in three groups and quickly devolved into disorder, hunger, and ill-discipline They were all but annihilated by a force of Turks at Nicea “Alexius Comnenus, Emperor of the East, receives Peter the Hermit at Constantinople, August 1096”by Gillot Saint-Evre

9. The First Crusade: 1096-1099

10. First Crusade: 1096-1099 • Peter the Hermit went around preaching and asked people to march with him to Jerusalem. • Majority of the people were unarmed. Most of them died and they turned back. • Meanwhile an army formed in South France. • Count Raymond led the volunteers from France. • Godfrey of Bouillon led the Rhine lands. • Normandy was led by William, Robert the conqueror's son. • Northern Italy was led by Bohemond.

11. Peter the Hermit and the First Crusade

12. The first crusaders • The first crusaders were actually undisciplined hordes of French and German peasants who met with little success. • One group, known as the “People’s Crusade,” reached as far as Constantinople before being annihilated by the Turks. • In 1096, the main crusading force, featuring some 4,000 mounted knights and 25,000 infantry, began to move east. • Led by Raymond of Toulouse, Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert of Flanders, and Bohemond of Otranto, the army of Christian knights crossed into Asia Minor in 1097.

13. Route taken by First Crusade

14. First Crusade: 1096-1099 Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven First Crusade: three armies gather at Constantinople in 1097 Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099 Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states

15. The First Crusade The First Crusaders met an even more divided Muslim force and won victories at Nicea on June 19, 1097 and Antioch on June 3, 1098 By June 7, 1099, after a three year campaign, 12,000 of the original 30,000 Crusaders reached Jerusalem Siege of Antioch

16. Jerusalem The reason of the first crusade was to regain the Holy land and Jerusalem from the Muslims

18. The Sack of Jerusalem On July 15 the Crusaders went over the city walls and unleashed unbridled carnage Blood reportedly ran knee-deep 70,000 Muslims were slaughtered Jews were herded into a synagogue and burned alive

19. Muslim Counterattack Most of the Crusaders returned to Europe after freeing Jerusalem, creating a manpower shortage Muslim refugees retreated to Baghdad and demanded a force to retake Jerusalem In 1144, Muslims under Zangi retook the Christian’s eastern-most outpost at al-Ruah and then Edessa Such developments would spur the Second Crusade

20. The Second Crusade: 1147-1148

21. The Second Crusade St. Bernard appealed to Pope Eugenius to call for another Crusade, Bernard persuaded King Louis VII of France and then Emperor Conrad III of Germany to accept the Crusade At Easter 1147 the Germans set out and the French followed at Pentecost Conrad approaching Constantinople

22. The Second Crusade This time the Muslims were ready At Dorylaeum, the Germans were defeated so badly that barely one in ten Christians survived At Attalia, nearly every Frenchman was slaughtered Eventually the Crusaders joined forces and lay siege to Damascus, but were soundly defeated

23. The Second Crusade: Downfall • With this ill advised attack on the city of Damascus, the crusaders lost a lot of men and it was a huge success for the Muslims • This ultimately gave key influence to the fall of Jerusalem and give rise to the: • third Crusade in the 12th century

24. The Second Crusade News of the defeat of the Second Crusade shocked Europe Christians wondered how God could allow them to be so humiliated by the infidel Bernard explained that the defeat must be punishment for sins Enthusiasm for the Crusades waned rapidly While the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem continued to be torn by internal strife, its Muslim enemies were moving toward unity

25. Saladin In 1175, Saladin brought Egypt and Syria under one rule In 1185, he signed a four-year truce with the Latin kingdom but the Christians violated it by attacking a Muslim caravan and capturing Saladin’s sister He declared a holy war against the Christians and captured Jerusalem in 1187 His terms were much more generous than those of the Crusaders in 1099 Saladin: one of the few Crusade personalities generally described favorably by both Eastern and Western sources

26. Second Crusade: 1147-1148 Left: an artistic representation of Saladin Right: Saladin the Victorious by Gustave Dore Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; In 1187, Saladin—Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior—retakes Jerusalem

27. Battle of Hittin: Retaking Jerusalem

28. Saladdin

29. The Third Crusade: 1189-1192

30. The Third Crusade: 1189-1192 Frederick I “Barbarossa” of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) The Third Crusade was led by three powerful rulers Phillip II of France Richard I of England—”The Lion-Hearted”

31. The Third Crusade Then Richard the Lion Heart of England took up the cause and took Philip Augustus, the French king, with him. The Christians captured Acre and an ill Philip Augustus returned to France, Still Richard would face divisions as the German troops returned to Germany and French troops repeatedly disobeyed orders

32. The Third Crusade Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard The argument was over Richard breaking off an engagement with Phillip’s sister.

33. The Third Crusade Richard and Saladin embarked on a “unique campaign in which blows and battles alternated with compliments and courtesies” The two executed enemy prisoners they held Richard proposed his sister marry Saladin’s brother They signed peace treaties then rejected them Richard conferred knighthood on the son of a Muslim ambassador Richard got sick and Saladin sent him his own physician and some fruit Saladin saw Richard unmounted in battle and sent him a horse

34. The Third Crusade In the end Richard and Saladin signed a peace treaty for three years beginning Sept 2, 1192 Richard would keep the coastal cities he had captured from Acre to Jaffa Muslims and Christians could pass freely into and from each other’s territory Pilgrims would be protected in Jerusalem But… Jerusalem would remain in Muslim hands

35. The Fourth Crusade 1200-1204 The Crusading Spirit Dwindles Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204

36. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles:Fourth Crusade 1200-1204 Looting of Constantinople, painting by Eugene Delacroix, 1840 Crusaders sack the Christian city Zara and are excommunicated by the pope for it. The Venetian leadership keeps their excommunication a secret. Then Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204 Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken the Muslims

37. The Fourth Crusade Europe was in turmoil with problems such as renewed fighting between France and England, but the death of Saladin and the breakup of his empire renewed hope for another Crusade In exchange for its financial support, Venice exacted a promise that the Crusaders would capture the important port of Zara and turn it over to her Zara belonged to Hungary and was stiff competition to Venice’s maritime trade Pope Innocent III denounced the scheme but to no avail The Fourth Crusade would be marked by avarice

38. The Fourth CrusadeCapture of Constantinople 1204 Part of the avarice was the temptation to capture Constantinople which had derived much profit from the Crusades Seizing Constantinople would not only provide financial benefit, it would also restore it to the Western Church In 1204 the Crusaders captured and looted Constantinople

39. The Fourth Crusade The Byzantine Empire was divided into feudal dominions, each ruled by a Latin noble Most Crusaders returned home, perhaps thinking that by securing Constantinople they now had a stronger base against the Muslims Only a handful continued to Palestine and had no effect there The Byzantine Empire never recovered and the Latin capture of Constantinople served to prepare it for capture by the Turks two centuries later

40. The Children’s Crusade: 1212 In 1212 thousands of children die or are enslaved in a failed crusade.

41. The Children’s Crusade The Children’s Crusade by Gustave Doré This event may very well merely be a legend embellished over time. The traditional story says that in 1212 thousands of children possibly died or were enslaved in a failed crusade. But these stories are surrounded by legend and fiction. The fact that this really happened is disputed.

42. Collapse of the Crusades The scandal of the Fourth Crusade and the failure of the Third quenched the greater fire for Crusades but several half-hearted efforts would continue until 1291 In 1291, the Muslims seized Acre Tyre, Sidon, Haifa, and Beirut fell soon afterward Among the ineffective latter crusades was the “Children’s Crusade” of 1212 in which thousands of children ended up drowning or being sold into slavery

43. Results of the Crusades Failures Jerusalem was retaken and in Muslim hands Christian pilgrims became fewer and more fearful than ever The Muslim powers, once tolerant of religious diversity, had been made intolerant by attack The effort of the popes to bring peace and unity to Europe had been thwarted by nationalistic ambitions, avarice, and internal dissension The influence of the Catholic Church and the position of the pope declined and the schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church widened

44. Results of the Crusades Continued Failures Muslim civilization had been victorious over Christian civilization Indigenous eastern Christians were caught in the middle between Crusaders and Muslims, and many who were outraged by the excesses of the Crusaders converted to Islam In fact, the Crusades ironically proved instrumental in making the eastern Mediterranean predominantly Muslim

45. Crusades exposed to new ideas European Christians also became exposed to new ideas as they traveled throughout the Mediterranean basin The works of Aristotle Islamic science and astronomy “Arabic” numerals Techniques for paper production While the Crusades may have largely failed as military adventures, they helped encourage the reintegration of western Europe into the larger economy of the western hemisphere

46. Conversion from Christianity to Islam • Robert of St. Albans (died 1187) • was an English templar knight who converted to Islam from Christianity in 1185 • and led an army for Saladin against the Crusaders in Jerusalem which was at the time under the control of the Franks. • Robert eventually married the niece of Saladin. • Robert's conversion to Islam caused significant dismay among the Christians and sparked ill-will toward the Knights Templar in general. • On the eve of the battle of Hittin, six Knights deserted the King (Guy, king of Jerusalem) and escaped into the camp of Saladin, where of their own accord they became Muslims.

47. In Conclusion, Let us Read Surah al-Asr together

48. Thank you May God Bless you