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Intelligence

Explore different theories of intelligence, from Spearman's factor analysis to Gardner's multiple intelligences. Understand how intelligence is assessed through IQ tests and learn about the relationship between IQ and other factors such as brain size and creativity.

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Intelligence

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  1. Intelligence Who is your prototype of a highly intelligent person? Who is your prototype of a person of low intelligence? ….Then what is intelligence?

  2. Intelligence: What is it…? • How do we define intelligence? • the ability to gather and use information in productive ways • Why is there essentially no definitive definition of intelligence in the field of psychology?

  3. Intelligence is relative... “Intelligence is a socially constructed concept.…thus is can be culturally specific.” What exactly does this mean?

  4. Theories on Intelligence Charles Spearman (1863-1945) • Factor Analysis: A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test. • G factor, or general intelligence(academic smarts) • If you score high on one factor, or cluster (ie verbal intelligence) then you tend to score higher than average on other factors (+correlation between clusters) • “Intelligence refers to a general single ability” • Prediction model for education, vocational levels

  5. Theories on Intelligence… L.L. Thurstone (1887-1955) • 56 tests / 7 clusters of primary mental abilities(early theory of multiple intelligences) • Word fluency • Verbal comprehension • Spatial ability • Perceptual speed • Numerical ability • Inductive reasoning • memory

  6. Theories on Intelligence Howard Gardner: 1970’s-80’s) • Multiple, independent intelligences(Modern version of Thurstone) valued within different cultures • Basis of theory: • Brain damage cases • Savant Syndrome : Rain Man • Mental handicap, (autism, schizophrenia) but island of brilliance! • 6x more common in males • IQ 40-70 • Examples, p. 9 Myers • Common component: limitless memory

  7. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences… • Verbal / linguistic (Mark Twain) • Logical / mathematical (Einstein) • Visual / spatial (Picasso) • Bodily / Kinesthetic (Michael Jordan) • Musical / Rhythmic (Stravinsky) • Interpersonal (MLK) • Intrapersonal (Freud) • Natural (Darwin)

  8. Critics of Gardner • So what is the chief criticism of Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory? • “Simply abilities, talents, skills that do not constitute intelligence.”

  9. Theories on Intelligence…. • Robert Sternberg • Three major intelligences (Triarchic theory) • Analytical: academic problem-solving (intelligence tests) • Creative: reacting to novel situations / generating novel ideas • Practical Intelligence: everyday tasks (“street smarts”)

  10. Emotional Intelligence Daniel Goleman: Emotional Intelligence (1995) Originally called social intelligence (Gardner’s theories) 4 components of EQ • Perceive • Understand • Manage • Use What’s a better predictor of success, IQ or EQ? Critics argue that Goleman stretched too far- abilities not specifically related to intelligence

  11. Creativity and Intelligence • Creativity: The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. • Small +correlation between intelligence and creativity • Above and below score of 120, correlation shrinks

  12. Brain Size and Intelligence • Are people with bigger heads / brains smarter? • +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores • +.44 correlation between brain size and IQ

  13. Developmental Psych and Intelligence 2 General Categories of Intelligence • Fluid Intelligence • Speedy, abstract reasoning • Peaks in the 20’s • Crystallized Intelligence: • accumulated knowledge, verbal skills • Increases with age

  14. Assessing Intelligence Alfred Binet (1857-1911) • Turn of century: France / Compulsory education • Vast diversity / problematic • Binet hired to assess how to meet students’ needs • Founded on idea that intelligence increases with age (maturation, but at slightly different rates) Mental Age • Average performance level of each age (grade) • 10 year old with mental age of 7: Means what? • Used to predict students needs / performance • Not an intelligence test!! Measure to evaluate educational level to facilitate learning

  15. Lewis Terman 1877-1956 Stanford Professor • Stanford-Binet IQ Test • Modification of Binet’s work = “intelligence test” • Intelligence is hereditary • Immigration / Industrialization / WWI • Eugenics / Ideology / Racism cloaked by “objectivity” • 1st mass intelligence testing in history

  16. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) IQ = Mental Age____X 100 Chronological Age Dominant assessment tool of 1900’s Works well for kids / not adults

  17. Intelligence Tests Today • Mental ability score is assessed relative to the average performance of the same age • Average = 100 (average score for age is assigned a 100) • 2/3 of scores fall between 85 and 115

  18. Interesting Facts About IQ (Meyers p. 4) • True or False? • Your IQ is completely genetic • Your IQ can change over time. • Staying in school can elevate your IQ (Keep from slipping) • For each year stayed in school, IQ gain of approximately 3.5 points) • IQ is influenced by birth order. • IQ is related to breast feeding. (3- 8 points by age of 3) • IQ evens out with age • Intelligence is plural, not singular. • (general agreement on spatial, verbal, analytical, practical) • Cranial volume is correlated with IQ • Intelligence depends on context. • IQ’s have steadily risen over the last 80 years

  19. Modern Tests • Aptitude tests (“ability to learn”) • Used to predict performance (Example?) • Achievement tests • Assess what you have learned (Example?) • SAT: aptitude test? • +.82 correlation with general intelligence scores

  20. David Wechsler • WAIS(Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: • WISC(Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) 7-16 • WPPSI (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (4!) • WISC • 11 subtests = separate scores for each area (Verbal IQ and Performance IQ) • Excellent tool for identifying learning disorders

  21. WISC

  22. What does “Standardized” Test mean? • Test items have been piloted on similar population of people as those who will take the test • Achievement norms have been established • Psychometrics: making / assessing tests

  23. Standardized tests must have… Reliability: Consistency of test as a means of measurement (consistency of scores) • Test-Retest • Split-Half Reliability: Randomly divide test in two ½’s- correlate performance on two ½’s • Equivalent Form Reliability: different forms of test • Goal is +1

  24. Standardized tests must have… Validity: When a test measures what it is supposed to measure • Content validity (Drivers license test, course exam) • Criterion Related Validity • Concurrent validity: measures current skill or knowledge • Predictive validity: measure of future performance

  25. Wechsler Intelligence Score

  26. The Flynn Effect • IQ Tests have consistently risen over last 80 years • Over 20 countries (20 point rise per generation) • Rise highest in the lowest economic countries • Rising nutrition, educational levels

  27. Standardized Tests • Can a test be reliable if it is not valid? • Can a test be valid if it is not reliable?

  28. Aptitude Tests • Predictive power is strong from age 6-12 • Weakens in later years • 6-12 = +.60 • SAT = +.50 • GRE = .30 • Why? • Range of students narrow as education / ability level increase

  29. True or False? • All tests are exclusive to their objectives. • Are achievement tests influenced by your intelligence? • Are intelligence tests influenced by your educational experience?

  30. Dynamics of intelligence • At what age can we begin predicting intelligence? • Four-five (to predict adolescent, adult scores) • At age 7, intelligence scores begin to stabilize • Rule of thumb: consistency of scores increase with age

  31. Extremes of Intelligence

  32. Genetic Influences on Intelligence

  33. Genetic Influences on Intelligence • Genetic influences become more apparent over time

  34. Heritability (Review) • Used to explain extent to which genetics influence differences in intelligence (between people) • Never to explain genes influence on intelligence!

  35. Nurture and Intelligence • Environment • Interaction • Experiences • Nutrition • Education • Both genes and environment shape intelligence

  36. Bias in Testing • When a test is less valid for some groups than for others • Influential Factors • Language • Experiences (cultural and economic) • Schools • Stereotype threat: when students are made to feel stereotype, they score lower

  37. One to consider…. • As a parent, your 10 year old child has just taken an IQ test. Would you tell him (or her) his score? Reflect carefully and explain your response.

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