ERASMUS MUNDUS International Master of Science in Rural Development

1. ERASMUS MUNDUSInternational Master of Science in Rural Development „General introduction to the Slovak republic and to the Slovak university of agriculture “ Prof. Dušan Húska SLOVAKIA 09:30 – 12:30

2. Slovakia lies in Central Europe. The central and northern Slovakia is a mountainous region. The southern and eastern Slovakia is a lowland

3. Theflag has three equal horizontal bands white, blue, red. A coat of arms of Slovakia a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white Cross of Lorraine surmounting three blue hills

4. SLOVAKIA • In 1918, the Slovaks joined the closely related Czechs to form Czecho-slovakia. • Following the World War II, Czecho-slovakia became a Communist state within Soviet-ruled Eastern Europe. • 1962 change of the constitution to Czechoslovaki socialist republic

5. SLOVAKIA (2) • In 1989, Soviet influence collapsed and Czechoslovakia once more became free. • On January 1, 1993, the Slovaks and the Czechs agreed to separate peacefully. • In the Spring of 2004, Slovakia joined both NATO and the EU.

6. INDEPENDENCE • January 1, 1993 – • - Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia [Slovak Republic].

7. POPULATION - 5,430,033 • AGE STRUCTURE: • 0-14 years: 17.8% (male 495,316; female 471,823) • 15-64 years: 70.5% (male 1,903,335; female 1,924,065) • 65 years and over: 11.7% (male 238,912; female 396,582) • POPULATION GROWTH RATE:0.14%

8. Ethnic groups: • Slovak 85.7%, • Hungarian 10.6%, • the Gypsy/Romany community, appr. 7 % • Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, • Ruthenian and Ukrainian 0.6%, • German 0.1%, • Polish 0.1%, • other 0.2%

9. RELIGION • Roman Catholic 60.3%, • atheist 9.7%, • Protestant 8.4%, • Orthodox 4.1%, • other 17.5%

10. Administrative divisions: • 8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); • Banskobystricky, • Bratislavsky, • Kosicky, • Nitriansky, • Presovsky, • Trenciansky, • Trnavsky, • Zilinsky

11. LEGAL SYSTEM • Civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; • Legal code modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

12. ECONOMY • Labor force - by occupation: • industry 29.3%, • agriculture 8.9%, (before 1989 20 %) • construction 8%, • transport and communication 8.2%, • services 45.6%

13. Industrial production growth rate:4.4% • Electricity - production by source: • fossil fuel: 30.3% • hydro: 16% • nuclear: 53.6% • Electricity - consumption: • 24.41 billion kWh • exports:5.141 billion kWh • imports:1.381 billion kWh (2001)

14. NATURAL GAS • production:292 million cu m Natural gas – • consumption:7.932 billion cu m • exports:0 cu m • imports:7.205 billion cu m • proved reserves:7.504 billion cu m

15. AGRICULTURE • grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs, cattle, poultry; forest products • Exports:$12.9 billion f.o.b. commodities: machinery and transport equipment 39.4%, intermediate manufactured goods 27.5%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 13%, chemicals 8% • Exports - partners: Germany 30.1%, Czech Republic 16.4%, Austria 10.7%, Italy 7.2%, Poland 5.7%, Hungary 4.6% (2002)

16. IMPORT AGRICULTURE • 15.4 billion f.o.b. (1999) • machinery and transport equipment 37.7%, • intermediate manufactured goods 18%, • fuels 13%, chemicals 11%, • miscellaneous manufactured goods 9.5% • Partners: • Germany 24.8%, Czech Republic 16%, • Russia 13.5%, Austria 7%, Italy 6.4%, • France 4% (2002) • Debt - external:$9.6 billion

17. GDP (purchasing power parity): $85.56 billion (2005 est.). • Metal and metal products; • food and beverages; • electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; • chemicals and manmade fibers; • machinery; • paper and printing; • earthenware and ceramics; • transport vehicles; textiles; • electrical and optical apparatus; • rubber products.

18. H I S T O R Y o f t h eS L O V A KT E R R I T O R Y

19. HISTORY OF THE SLOVAKIA´S TERITORY • The oldest surviving archeological artefacts from Slovakia date back to 270,000 BCE • The oldest female statue made of mammoth bone, discovered in the commune of Moravany nad Váhom, near Pieštany

20. The Roman epoch - 6 ce.,bc. a war against the Markoman and Quadi tribes. • The Romans and their armies occupied only very small part of South-West Slovakia. • In 174 CE Marcus Aurelius entered the river valleys of Váh, Nitra and Hron. • On the banks of the Hron he wrotes his philosophical work "Meditations."

21. In 179 CE, the Roman Legion engraved on the rock of the Trenčín Castle: LAUGARITIO, the Roman furthest northern point in Europe Victory over Markomans and Quadis. VICTORIAE AVGVSTORV(m) EXERCITUS QVI LAV GARICIONE SEDIT MIL(ites) L(egionis) II DCCCLV (Marcus Valerrius) MAXIMIANUS LEG(atus) LEG (ionis) II AD)iutricis) CVR(avit) F(aciendum)

22. SLAV-SOUVENI-SLOVENI-SLOVAKIANS • 79 CE Slav presence in the writings of Pliny the Elder and of Tacitus Cornelius (55-116 CE). • The first designation of the Slavs in the Latin form "Souveni" in the writings of Claude Ptolemy in 160 CE. • Souveni - This name was used under the form "Sloveni" by the Slavs of the Middle Danube before the 8th century, • The name is still used by the Slovakians and the Slovenians, who come from the ethnic group Sloveni.

23. Coexistence between the Slavs and the Celtic tribes, in the region of Liptov in the area of Liptovská Mara. • Six Celto-Slav colonies were discovered • The castle was surrounded by stone fortifications. Slav tribes also coexisted with the Germanic Quadis, • Arch. Site HAVRÁNOK (archeologist Dr. Karol Pieta.)

24. 5th Century – Slavic tribes settle in present day´s Slovakia • United under the Samo´s empire in the7th century

26. 11th – 13th centuries Nitrafree-royal town was one of the most important cities of the monarchy Until the 14th century Nitra remained the resedential town of the principality newly formed Hungarian monarchy Nitra, the “mother” of Slovak cities, is situated in the Podunajská rovina (Danube Lowlands), right under the Zobor hill

27. The birth to the Samo Empire, mentioned in writing as early as 623. (Sloveni) • The first political formation by the Slavs, who beat, in 631, the Frank Army of King Dagobert near Vogatisburg. • The Empire disappeared in 665 with the death of Prince Samo.

28. The supremacy of the Avars came to an end in 803, the year where Charlemagne, • With a help from the Slavs in regions to the North of the Danube and that of the principality of Nitra, beat, once and for all, the Avars, who were eventually assimilated into the local Slav populations. • T time of Great-moravian Empire

29. Greatmoravian empire

30. The first recorded mention of Slav princes near Pannonia goes back to 803 ce. • In 805, the presence of Prince Vratislav, Lord of the Bratislava Castle, • In 833, prince Mojmír, from the principality of Moravia, and his army, attacked the principality of Nitra, conquering it and creating in a vast territory, a united Slav State. • The Empire unified the Slavs of Nitra and Moravia.

31. Slavic kingdom of Greater Moravia. • Prince Pribina - the Lord of the Slavs, occupying the Transdanubian Pannonia. He founded the principality of Balaton, obtained remarkable results in his efforts of Christianization in this region. PRIBINA RASTISLAV MOJMÍR Ratislav I. wisely understood the importance of Christianization of the Slavs and asked the Pope in Rome, in 861, to send a Bishop to his kingdom.

32. CONSTATINE &METHODIUS

33. In 862, Rastislav asked the Byzantine Emperor Michael III to send him a Bishop and religion teachers. • The famous letter from Ratislav I to Emperor Michael III began with these words: "  ...We, the Slavs, a simple people, have no-one to teach us the truth...„ • The Emperor agreed to his request and sent to Ratislav two apostles, Cyril and Methodius, natives of the city of Salonika (today Thessalonika).

34. first Slav alphabet first translations into the Slav language in 862 first large Slav school (863) first translations and first literary, philosophical and legal works in the language of the Subdanubian Slavs Slavon (863-886) establishment of the Slavon language as the 4th liturgical language (867). First liturgical Slav language after Hebrew, Latin and Greek First Slav Bishop - Cyril (Constantine) (868) First legate of the Holy See for the Slav countries - Methodius (869) First archdiocese in the Slav countries - Bishop Methodius (869) The work of Cyril and Methodius

35. C & M at GREAT MORAVIA

36. 874 Occupation of the Vistule Basin by Svätopluk 882 Occupation of the territory of Bohemia/present day Czech Republic excluding Moravia 880 Pontiff Johanes VIII. In "Industriae tuae" crowned Svätopluk to a king of Slovakia and gives protection of saint stool Important events during the period of the Kingdom of Svätopluk

37. Important events during the period of the Kingdom of Svätopluk • 883 Invasion and Occupation of Pannonia • 889 Occupation of the territory of Lusatian Serbs • 890 Treaty with Arnoul, confirmation of the sovereignty of Svätopluk I in Bohemia • 892 Driving back of the common attack by the Frank, Alaman and Bavarian armies and the Magyar tribes • 893 Driving back of the attack by the armies of Arnoul, and upon his request, the signing of a peace treaty with Svätopluk • 894 Death of King Svätopluk I, peace for the Slavs with the Bavarians, first invasion by the Magyars into the Transdanubian region.

38. The kingdom of Svatopluk

39. In the 902 and at the beginning of 906, Mojmír the II twice pushed back attacks from the Magyar armies, • During their next raid Mojmír II and Svätopluk II were killed and the Magyars pillaged the Southern regions of Slovakia • Magyar tribes invade present day Slovakia and form Greater Hungary under King Stephen. In the year 995 - 997 was knight of Nitra kingdom, • Stefan cooperates with the Poznan and Hunt, who help him create army. By the history Poznan and Hunt gave to Stephan sword and made him a knight. • In the territory of Bina – Hron was constructed big military camp (107 ha), as a military base. • A thousand years of foreign domination begins.

40. GREAT HUNGARYUHORSKO

41. Slovakia was rich in raw materials and fairly economically developed. • Until the Turkish expansion, was the richest and most developed area of Hungary. • Slovakia was the biggest producer of silver and the second largest producer of gold in Europe in a teritory of Kremnica, Banska Stiavnica and Banska Bystrica

42. Royal privileges were given to Slovakian cities: • Trnava in 1238, • Zvolen, Krupina, Stary Tekov 1240, • Nitra, Košice 1248, • Banská Štiavnica 1255, • Banská Bystrica in 1255, • Gelnica 1270, • Bratislava in 1291, etc.

43. Privilegum pro Slavis • The participation of the Slovaks in public affairs was attested to notably in the Privilegum pro Slavisby Zilina, dated 1381, where King Louis I gave the Slovaks half of the seats on the Municipal Councils.

44. 1526 –Bratislava (Pozony, Presburg) becomes the Hungarian capital as Buda falls to the Turks. • 1867 – The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary is formally established after the Hapsburg emperor Franz Josef compromises with the constantly rebelling Hungarian nobles.  • Slovakia is incorporated into the Hungarian part of this kingdom.

45. 1647 map by Blaeu represents Mansfeldia

46. AUSTRO-HUNGARIA

47. Europe 1914

48. Slovakia´s Milestones 1918 • January 8. - president T. W. Wilson declared 14 points of the peace requirements. Right for authonomy of nations in the Habsburg monarchie • May 31 – signing the Pittsburg agreement on the common state of Slovaks and Czechs.

49. Slovakia´s Milestones 1918 • October 18. október - Washington declaration, constitution of indeppendent Czecho-Slavakia • October 28. - Československá republika, common state of Czechs and Slovaks. • October 30. október - Martinská declaration, Slovak representatives claim to idea of common state.

50. 1918 – Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, after defeat in WWI, • Numerous of new states including Czechoslovakia.  • Although nominally a parliamentary democracy, Slovaks have a weak voice in the republic’s affairs.