A Proclamation Without Emancipation

1. A Proclamation Without Emancipation • The Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in non-conquered Southern territories • Slaves in the Border States and the conquered territories were not liberated since doing so might make them go to the South • Lincoln freed the slaves where he could not but wouldn’t where he could

2. Continued • The Proclamation was very controversial so many soldiers refused to fight for it. • When Lincoln issued the emancipation it brought about the eventual “doom” of slavery. • This was ratified by the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 • The nature of the war had been changed • Both sides knew that the war would not be able to be negotiated.

3. Continued • Many of the men from the border states volunteered to fight for the Union but not against slavery. • Angry Southerners said that Lincoln was stirring up major problems and tried to incite salve insurrection. • This brought about a stronger moral in the North by preserving the Union • It had committed itself to freeing slaves

4. Blacks Battle Bondage • Blacks weren’t enlisted in the army, but as men ran low, these men were eventually allowed in. • By the end of the war, black’s accounted for about 10% of the Union army. • By allowing blacks in the army it gave them the heart to fight against slavery • By offering their service they had a chance to gain full citizenship at the end of the war.

5. Continued • Until 1864, Southerners refused to recognize Black soldiers as prisoners of war, and often executed them as runaways and rebels • At Fort Pillow, Tennessee, Blacks who had surrendered were massacred. • After the massacre black units said “Remember Fort Pillow” • They vowed to take no prisoners.

6. Continued • Many Blacks, whether through fear, loyalty, lack of leadership, or strict policing, didn’t cast off their chains when they heard the Emancipation Proclamation • Many others walked off of their jobs when Union armies conquered territories that included the plantations that they worked on.

7. Lee's last Lunge at Gettysburg • After Antietam, A. E. Burnside took over the Union army, but he lost badly after launching a rash frontal attack at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on Dec. 13, 1862.

8. Continued • “Fighting Joe” Hooker was badly beaten at Chancellorsville, Virginia • Lee divided his outnumbered army into two and sent “Stonewall” Jackson to attack the Union flank • Later in that battle, Jackson’s own men mistakenly shot him at dusk, and he died.

9. Continued • Lee now prepared to invade the North for the last time in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania • He was met by new General George G. Meade, who by accident took a stand atop a low ridge flanking a shallow valley and the Union and Confederate armies fought a bloody and brutal battle in which the North “won.”

10. Continued • In the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863), General George Pickett led a hopeless, bloody, and pitiful charge across a field that ended in the loss of many Confederates. • In Autumn of 1863, Lincoln went to Gettysburg to dedicate the cemetery and he delivered his 2 minute Gettysburg Address. • It added moral purpose to the war saying a new goal was to make sure those who’d been killed had not died in vain.

11. The War in the West • Lincoln finally found a good general in Ulysses S. Grant, a mediocre West Point graduate who drank too much whiskey and also fought under the ideal of “immediate and unconditional surrender.” • Grant won at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, but then muffed-up and lost a tough battle at Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862), just over the Tennessee border.

12. Continued • In the spring of 1862, a flotilla commanded by David G. Farragut joined with a Northern army to seize New Orleans. • In Vicksburg, Mississippi, Grant besieged the city and captured it on July 4, 1863, this secured the Mississippi River. • The Union victory at the Battle of Vicksburg came the day after the Union victory at Gettysburg, and the Confederate hope for foreign intervention was lost.

13. Sherman Scorches Georgia • After Grant cleared out Tennessee, General William Tecumseh Sherman was given command to march through Georgia. • He captured and burned down Atlanta before completing his infamous “March to the Sea” at Savannah. • His men cut a trail of destruction one-mile wide, waging “total war” by cutting up railroad tracks, burning fields and crops, and destroying everything.