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Anthrax

Anthrax. Primal Sudjana. 20,000-100,000 cases estimated globally/year http://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/whocc/mp_world.htm. Causes. Bacteria Bacillus anthracis. Scientific classification. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae

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Anthrax

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  1. Anthrax Primal Sudjana

  2. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008 20,000-100,000 cases estimated globally/year http://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/whocc/mp_world.htm

  3. Causes • Bacteria • Bacillus anthracis

  4. Scientific classification • Kingdom: Bacteria • Phylum: Firmicutes • Class: Bacilli • Order: Bacillales • Family: Bacillaceae • Genus: Bacillus • Species:B. anthracis

  5. Strains (types) • Cutaneous (skin) • Inhalation (lungs) • Gastrointestinal (digestive)

  6. ANTHRAX TOXIN • Anthrax toxin is made up of three proteins: protective antigen (PA),edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF). • PA binds to specific cell receptors, and following proteolytic activation it forms a membrane channel that mediates entry of EF and LF into the cell. • EF is an adenylyl cyclase; with PA it forms a toxin known as edema toxin. • LF plus PA form lethal toxin, which is a major virulence factor and cause of death in infected animals.

  7. Human Transmission • Industry • Tanneries • Textile mills • Wool sorters • Bone processors • Slaughterhouses Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

  8. Human Transmission • Cutaneous • Contact with infected tissues, wool, hide, soil • Biting flies • Inhalational • Tanning hides, processing wool or bone • Gastrointestinal • Undercooked meat Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

  9. Through Animals • Humans can become infected after handling infected animals • Breathing anthrax spores from infected products (like wool) • Eating undercooked meat from infected animals (Undercooked meat)

  10. How is it transmutable? As a biological weapon • Anthrax spores can be distributed • Ex. USA 2001, anthrax spores spread through postal system via letters containing spores

  11. Anthrax spores

  12. Who gets it? • Animals primarily • Common in… • South & Central America • Southern/Eastern Europe • Asia • Africa • Middle East

  13. Incubation Period • symptoms appear within 7 days of initial contact • For inhalation anthrax, anywhere from a week to 60 days

  14. Strains (types) • Cutaneous (skin) • Inhalation (lungs) • Gastrointestinal (digestive)

  15. cutaneous anthrax • Raised itchy bump (resembles incest bite) • 1-2 days, develops into a vesicle (cyst) • Develops into painless ulcer (1-3 cm diameter) • Ulcer has black center • Swelling of surrounding tissues • Swelling of adjacent lymph glands

  16. Gastrointestinal Anthrax • Initial signs: nausea • Loss of appetite • Vomiting blood • Sever diarrhea • Lesions & soreness in throat • Difficulty swallowing • Swelling of neck &lymph glands • 50% of all patients develop meningitis

  17. Inhalation anthrax • Flu/cold like symptoms • Cough • Chest discomfort • Shortness of breath • Tiredness & muscle aches

  18. Meditational widening with inhalation anthrax

  19. Diagnosis • Bacterial cultures • Measuring specific antibodies in blood • Positive cultures are unlikely after antibiotic treatment has been started

  20. Anthrax is acute (of abrupt onset, of short duration, rapidly progressing & in need of urgent care) • People can’t become immune to anthrax • Can get anthrax multiple times

  21. What parts of the body are affected? • In cutaneous anthrax: • Skin, surrounding tissues & lymph glands • In gastrointestinal anthrax: • Digestive system, neck & lymph glands • In inhalation anthrax: • Respiratory & immune system

  22. Treatmenst • Anthrax vaccine • Avoiding contact w/ animals • Don’t eat improperly slaughtered/cooked meat

  23. Further treatment • Prevention after exposure: • Antibiotic & vaccine combo • Treatment after infection: • 60 day course of antibiotics • Success depends on type of anthrax & how soon treatment was started • Anthrax is terminal if left untreated

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