GLOBAL HISTORY 9

1. GLOBAL HISTORY 9 REVIEW PART I

2. STUDYING THE PAST • ARCHAEOLOGY – study of how early people live, study artifacts • HISTORY – study of how people in the past lived, studies written artifacts more • GEOGRAPHY - study of earth and its people, resources, movement of goods, ideas

3. FIRST PEOPLE • PALEOLITHIC – Old Stone Age, people learned skills to survive, made tools, simple art, religious beliefs • NEOLITHIC – New Stone Age or Agricultural Revolution, people learn to farm and domesticate animals, status of women declines • NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION LEADS TO…

4. BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION • Organized government • Complex religions • Different jobs • Social classes • Art and architecture • Cities • Roads, bridges, public works projects • Writing

5. CULTURAL DIFFUSION • Sharing of ideas & technology, results from war, travel, trade…

6. RIVER VALLEYS • Birth of civilization • 1st cities and civs. found in river valleys in Middle East, Africa, Asia

7. FIRST CIVILIZATIONSMiddle East • Egypt – Nile R. flooded providing rich soil, ruled by pharoahs, built pyramids, hieroglyphics • Fertile Crescent – Mesopotamia, Tigris & Euphrates River • Sumerians 1st to write with cuneiform, 1st wheeled vehicles, Babylonians (Hammurabi’s Code) Hebrews (monotheism)

9. Fertile Crescent

10. ASIA • India – monsoons and r. valleys (Indus & Ganges) watered crops, Aryan invasion, caste system, rigid class system, reincarnation, Hinduism, Gupta Golden Age (advancements in math, medicine, art) • China – r. valley (Huang He) isolated by Himalayas, Gobi desert, dynastic cycle, Mandate of Heaven

11. CLASSICAL CIVS. IN EUROPE • Greece- Athens & Sparta, Golden Age under Pericles (democracy, philosophy, theater, architecture) conquered by Alexander the Great, spread Hellenistic culture • Rome – set up republic ruled by the people, later expand to large empire, Pax Romana – achievements in law, justice, roads, architecture, Latin lang.

13. RELIGIONS • See other note sheet!

15. EARLY MIDDLE AGES • FEUDALISM AND THE MANOR – system of loyalty based and land ownership between lords, knights etc. • Manor self-sufficient, worked by serfs, protected by knights in interdependent relationship

17. MEDIEVAL CHURCH • Catholic Church very powerful, with social/political/econ. functions

18. LATE MIDDLE AGES • GROWTH OF TOWNS – Agric. Rev  guilds  middle class • BLACK PLAGUE – “Black Death”

19. RISE OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND • FRANCE – 100 Yrs. War, Joan of Arc, Estates General • ENGLAND – Parliament, William the Conqueror, Magna Carta

20. CRUSADES • Holy Wars between Christians and Seljuk Turks over Holy Land (Jerusalem) • Europeans fail to win Holy Land, but trade and interest in other cultures increases

22. BYZANTINE EMPIRE • Justinian’s Code, 2nd Roman Emp, lasts until 1453 when conquered by Ottoman Emp. • Sulieman the Magnificent-Ottoman leader, 1520-1566

24. RUSSIA / EASTERN EUROPE • RUSSIA – influenced by Byzantine Empire (Orthodox Christ. art, arch, etc.), absolute rule and czars • E. EUROPE – diverse geography • leads to cultural diversity

25. MUSLIM WORLD • Islam – 622, Arab armies rapidly spread religion • Golden Age 750 – art, lit. medicine, science, math

26. MUSLIMS IN INDIA • Mughal Empire - descendants of Mongols, bring Muslim learning, Islam meets Hinduism • Akbar the Great – built strong central gov’t 1556-1605, Muslim but tolerant of Hindus

28. EARLY CIVS. OF AFRICA • Ghana, Mali, Songhai, gold and salt trade, Mansa Musa of Mali goes on Hajj to Mecca

29. GOLDEN AGES OF CHINATANG AND SONG • Paper-making, porcelain, art and arch. Silk Road

30. MONGOL AND MING EMPIRES • MONGOLS – fierce conquerors from central Asia, conquered from China to E. Europe, Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan • MING – ended Mongol • rule in China

31. KOREA • Peninsula in E. Asia • Bridge of ideas between China and Japan

32. JAPAN • Archipelago, irregular coastline • Influenced by China, feudal period similar to medieval Europe • Emperor • Shogun • Daimyo • Samurai (bushido) • Peasants and artisans • Merchants