Rolling Stock (Locomotive ) Mathew Varughese

1. Rolling Stock (Locomotive)Mathew Varughese

2. Locomotive Terminology • Locomotive – A vehicle that outputs energy and powers a train along the rails, the only “live” part of the train. • The coaches of a train are only pulled or pushed along the rails by the locomotive. • There are numerous types of locomotives, but most are powered by either diesel fuel or electricity.

3. Engine • Locomotives are popularly called “Engines”, though the engine is only a part of the (diesel) locomotive, while electric locomotives do not have engines at all. • The engine is the most important part in diesel locomotives and supply the power to turn the wheels.

4. Bogie • The Bogie is not, as many people wrongly say it to be, a railway passenger vehicle unit. That is a coach, compartment, carriage or car. • A bogie is a unit under a coach or a locomotive body which houses the wheels, suspension etc. • Usually there will be two bogies for a coach and two or three for a locomotive with each bogie housing four or six wheels.

5. Wheel Arrangement. • Specifies how many wheels are present on how many bogies of a locomotive. • The most common WA today is three wheels on either side on two bogies (3 axles), 12 wheels in total and all axles powered, denoted Co-Co. • This is used in locomotives which haul heavy loads • . Two bogies with two wheels on either side and 8 wheels in total all powered is denoted by Bo-Bo, which is good for light, speedy loads.

7. Driving Cab • Driving Cab is The “Cockpit” of the locomotive • The loco pilot (driver) and assistant and any other sit and drive the loco from the driving cab. • . All controls etc are located here. • The cluster containing the controls to drive the locomotive is called a “Control Stand”.

8. Pantograph • Pantograph – The arm-like device on the top of the electric locomotive that extends upwards to collect current from the overhead lines. • Usually there are two of them for a locomotive, only one will be used at a time.

9. Transmission • Transmission – The medium used to send the power generated by the diesel engine to the wheels. • In modern locomotives, the diesel engine produces electric (AC) current used to power traction motors which turn the wheels. Hence transmission is AC. Vastly different from the traditional automotive sense.

10. Traction Motors • Traction Motors – Electric motors that “actually” drive the wheels of the locomotive and hence the train. These motors are directly connected to axles of the locomotive, usually one per axle. They use the electric power generated by the generator/alternator run by the diesel engine or from the transformers (electric locos) to output mechanical power to turn the wheels and move the locomotive forward.

11. ALCO • ALCO – American Locomotive Corporation, an American manufacturer of Diesel locomotives. • ALCO supplied India’s first mainline Diesel Locomotive the WDM1 and later the WDM2, which became the mainstay of the Indian Railways. • All Indian locomotives except the WDP/G4 are based on the WDM2 and are called “ALCOs”

12. EMD –Electro Motive Diesel • EMD – Electro Motive Diesel, an American company which manufactures Diesel locomotives. • It was previously owned by GM (General Motors). EMD supplied the WDP4 and WDG4.

13. Indian Railways has two types (Make) of Diesel Electric Locomotives 1. ALCO 2. HHP (EMD) ALCO Locomotives are 1.WDM2 2.WDM3A 3.WDG3A 4.WDM3D 5.WDS6 HHP Locomotives are 1.WDG4 2.WDP4 3.WDP4B 4.WDP4D 5.WDG4D

14. Long Hood Forward (LHF) • Long Hood Forward (LHF) – This is a driving mode for locomotives when the locomotive is driven with the driving cab behind the longer Hood length of the locomotive body. • Visibility might be a problem here and many locomotives have speed controls when driven in LHF. • Some like the WDP4 EMDs have been criticized for their too long hoods obscuring visibility.

15. Short Hood Forward (SHF) • Short Hood Forward (SHF) – This driving style is the opposite of LHF where the locomotive is driven with the cabin towards the front of the locomotive, behind the shorter “nose” of the loco. • This is actually the “forward” operating position of the locomotive, since the long hood is technically the rear of the loco with the radiator, exhaust and all. Dual Cab locomotives do not have LHF/SHF.

16. Driving structure design • The Dual Cab Forward type will have cabs or driving cabins at either end of the locomotive facing outwards. • It is seen in all electric (WAM, WAP, WAG, WCAM. etc) • Newer diesel locomotives (WDP4D, WDP3A) are also provided with dual cabins. • .locomotives. This type is the most convenient and safest to operate as it gives the best view for the Loco Pilots (drivers) of the way ahead and does not require “turning” locomotives around. The Single Cab Forward type will have a driving cab at only one end of the locomotive as seen in WDP4 

17. Driving structure design • The Single Cab Forward type will have a driving cab at only one end of the locomotive as seen in WDP4 and WDG4 EMD locomotives • This design is intended either to be used with turntables where the locomotive is turned around so that the cab always faces the direction in which the train is moving • However, since India does not have turntables, WDP/G4s are to be driven in Long Hood Forward mode and hence has control stands facing the other direction. • WDP/G4s have a very long hood and have been criticized for being “unsafe” because of visibility issues. • TheWDP4D was the result of this criticism with an additional cab 

18. Nomenclature of engines

19. The First Letter – The Gauge it Runs on. • The first letter in all Class Names stands for what track gauge the locomotive will run on, officially called “Gauge“. • The letters that will appear in this slot are W, Y, Z and N, each representing a particular type of gauge. • If a W appears in the beginning of the class name, it will denote a locomotive running on Broad Gauge track (1676 mm). • If it is a Y it tells us that the loco will run only on Meter Gauge, Z is 2’6″ Narrow gauge.

20. The Second Letter – What Fuel it Uses. • The second letter in the class name notation stands for the type of traction used by the locomotive, or the power it runs on. • Officially, “Power“. The letters that will appear here are D, A, C, CA and B.  • D denotes a Diesel Locomotive, •  A denotes an AC loco running on 25 kV 50 Hz Alternating Current (AC) power, •  C denotes a loco running on 1500V Direct Current (DC) power,  • CA denotes a locomotive that can run on both AC and DC power.

21. The Third Letter – What it Hauls • The third letter in the class name notation specifies what type of work the locomotive is best suited for, called “Load“. • The load can be denoted by commonly P, G, M, which shows what type of work the loco is best suited to do. • If the third letter in the class name of a locomotive is a P, it will mean it is specifically meant for hauling trains running passenger services • Gwill denote a locomotive best suited for Goods (Freight) trains . If it M, it says that the loco can be used for any service, Passenger or Goods • An S denotes a low powered shunting locomotive

22. The Fourth Number – Version/Power • The Fourth Number – Version/Power • The fourth slot in the class name will always be occupied by a number called “Series“, denoting different things for different types of locomotives. • For most locomotives today, this number generally denotes the chronological order or the “serial” or “version” in which the locomotive was introduced. The First AC powered loco was a WAM1 and then came WAM2, WAM3 etc. • A new version number can mean a new model altogether (WAM3 to WAM4) or a major upgrade of an existing model (WAP1 to WAP4).

23. The Fifth Letter – The Subtype • The Fifth Letter – The Subtype • The fifth and in most cases the last letter is called a “Subtype • It can be a letter or a number and may arbitrarily denote anything from power rating to unique factors of the loco

24. Loco Nomenclature Indicates • WDM -Wide Diesel Mixed • WDP - Wide Diesel Passenger • WDG -Wide Diesel Goods • WDS - Wide Diesel Shunting • WAP -Wide AC Elect Passenger • WCAM-Wide DC/AC Mixed After 3rd letter, a Digit (may or may not be suffixed by alphabet) indicates model nos.

25. BOGIE CLASSIFICATION • Bogies are classified based on • • No of axles • Type of axle drive • B — Two Axles mechanically coupled • Bo — Two Axles independently driven • Co — Three Axles independently driven • Wheel arrangement of loco is denoted as • B-B, Bo-Bo or Co-Co

26. Each Locomotive consists of Two Trucks. • Trucks are either Casted or Fabricated. • WDM2,WDM3A ,WDG4, & WDP4 Locomotives trucks • are casted type. • WDG3A,WDM3D, WDG4D & WDP4D Locomotive trucks are Fabricated type • Fabricated Bogie are of two types viz., • 1. With Equalizer • 2. Without Equalizer (HAHS) • HAHS : High Adhesion High Speed Bogie. • WDG4 & WDP4 Bogies are HTSC. • HTSC : High Tensile Steel Cast.

27. Bo Bo Bogies

28. WDM2 LOCO

29. CO-CO Bogie

30. Loco Compartment Control Comp. Driver Cabin Comp. Nose Comp. Generator Comp. Expresser/ Compressor Comp. Engine Comp. Radiator Compartment Under Truck Upper Truck

31. CO-CO Tri-mountBogie used on Following Locomotives Locomotive/Remark • WDM2 • Max speed 120 kmph,2600/2400 HP. • WDM3A • Max speed 120 kmph • WAM4 • Max speed 110kmph,3600 HP,

32. WDG2 LOCO

33. Co-Co CASTED BOGIE

34. Co Co Casted Bogie • Centre Pivot carries 30% of load • Two Side Bearers carry 10% of load each • 8 nos outer Helical Coil Springs with friction snubbers in 4 & inner coil springs in 4. • Axle journal boxes are mounted in pedestals. • The longitudinal & lateral clearances are maintained for the movement of axle boxes in pedestals. • Brakes are clasp type powered by four cylinders

35. WDG3A Co-Co FABRICATED BOGIE WITH EQUALISER ARRANGEMENT

36. WDG3A Fabricated Bogie with Equaliser Mechanism • It is a Quadra-mount Bogie. • Centre Pivot does not carry any vertical load & used for transfer of traction & braking forces. • Four Rubber Side Bearers , 60% of load supported on side bearers adjacent to centre pivot & 40% of load at remaining two side bearers. • Shims are provided below side bearers to distribute load in ratio of 60:40.

37. Co-Co FABRICATED BOGIE WITH EQUALISER ARRANGEMENT High Adhesion Bogie • WAG7 • Max speed 100 kmph, 5000 HP • WDG3A • Max speed 100kmph, 3100 HP • WDM3D • Max speed 120 kmph, 3300 HP

38. WDM3D

39. WDS6

40. WDG4 LOCO

41. WDP4 LOCO

42. WDM2 & WDM3A LOCOMOTIVE Co-Co CASTED BOGIE BRAKE CYLINDER SIDE BEARER BOLSTER CENTRE PIVOT AXLE BOX EQUALISING BEAM WHEEL HELICAL COIL SPRING

43. WDM2 Casted Bogie • Chassis is mounted on Bogie frame • There are 2 Bogies for one Locomotive • It is Trimount Bogie • Each Bogie/Truck consists of • One Centre Pivot which carries 30% of load • Two Side Bearer which carries each 10% of load • Bogie is fully equalised. • Consists of 8 no Helical Coil Springs with friction snubbers in inner coils. • Axle journal boxes are mounted in pedestals. • The lateral clearances is obtained by the movement of axle boxes in pedestals. • Brakes are clasp type powered by four cylinders.

44. WDG3A Co-Co FABRICATED BOGIE WITH EQUALISER ARRANGEMENT CENTRE PIVOT WHEEL SIDE BEARER BRAKE CYLINDER AXLE BOX EQUALISER LINK VERTICAL HYDRAULIC DAMPER HELICAL COIL SPRING TRACTION MOTOR COMPENSATING BEAM

45. WDG3A Fabricated Bogie with Equaliser Mechanism • Chassis is mounted on Bogie frame • There are 2 Bogies for one Locomotive • It is a Qudra-mount Bogie. • Each Bogie/Truck consists of • One Centre Pivot which does not carry any vertical load and used for transfer of • traction and braking forces. • Four Rubber Side Bearers , 60% of load supported on side bearers adjacent to • centre pivot and 40% of load at remaining two side bearers. • Shims are provided below side bearers to distribute load in ratio of 60:40. • Two stage suspension with 4 Helical Coil Springs in Primary Stage and 4 rubber • side bearers at secondary stage. • Uni-directional Traction Motor arrangement to minimise weight transfer and increase • in adhesion. • Helical coil springs are mounted on equaliser beams. • Equalising mechanism consists of equalisers hung directly on end axle boxes and supported on middle axle box through link and compensating beam arrangement. • 4 Vertical hydraulic dampers (Shock Absorbers ) one with each nest of Springs. • 2 Lateral (Horizontal ) hydraulic dampers . • Movable axle journal boxes are mounted in pedestals. Lateral play for negotiating curves • and turn outs is obtained by movement of axle boxes in pedestal. • Brakes are clasp type powered by four cylinders.

46. WDM3D & WDG3A FABRICATED BOGIE WITHOUT EQUALISER & COMPENSATING MECHANISM HIGH ADHESION HIGH SPEED BOGIE (HAHS) D SHACKLE GEAR CASE SIDE BEARER CENTRE PIVOT WHEEL TRACTION MOTOR AXLE BOX BRAKE CYLINDER VERTICAL HYDRAULIC DAMPER HELICAL COIL SPRING LATERAL HYDRAULIC DAMPER

47. Axle boxes are wing type with cylindrical roller bearings. • All other features are same as fabricated bogie with equalisers.

48. WDG4 HIGH TENSILE STEEL CAST BOGIE BRAKE CYLINDER LOAD PAD CENTRE PIVOT WHEEL TRACTION MOTOR YAW DAMPER VERTICAL SHOCK ABSORBER

49. HTSC (High Tensile Steel Cast) bogie support the weight of locomotive and provides • a means for transmission of power to the rails. • Weight transfer through 4 rubber secondary spring pad assemblies. • Uni-directional Traction Motor arrangement. • 12 single coil journal springs • 6 Heavy duty Vertical Hydraulic dampers are used between journal bearing adapters • and bogie frame . • Two Yaw dampers to clamp the lateral and yaw movements of bogie. • A single block brake system used.

50. New Wheel Diameter 1092 +5/-0 Condemning Diameter of Locomotive Wheels mm in case of Passenger Locomotives 1008 mm in case of Goods Locomotives Wheel diameter variation in ALCO diesel locomotives fitted with Co-Co Trimount bogies Wheel diameter variation in HHP diesel locomotives fitted with Co-Co Trimount bogies