Ecological Sampling

1. Ecological Sampling Measuring biotic components of a system

2. Ecological Sampling • What is a sample? • “A portion, piece, or segment that is representative of a whole” • Why do we sample? • it is usually impossible to measure the whole

3. One big assumption… • That the sample is representative of the whole • It is necessary to take enough samples so that an accurate representation is obtained • It is important to avoid bias when sampling

4. Sampling Methods • Transects and Quadrants • Plants and Non-motile animals • Lincoln Index • Capture –Mark- Recapture • Small animals • Aerial observations • Large trees and animals

5. Sampling along Transects • Samples taken at fixed intervals • Set up along an environmental gradient (e.g. high to low on a mountain)

6. Line transect method • A measured line laid across the area in the direction of the environmental gradient • All species touching the line are be recorded along the whole length of the line or at specific points along the line • Measures presence or absence of species

7. Belt transect method • Transect line is laid out and a quadrant is placed at each survey interval • Samples are identified and abundance is estimated • Animals are collected • For plants an percent coverage is estimated • Data collection should be completed by an individual as estimates can vary person to person

8. Quadrats • Used to measure coverage and abundance of plants or animals • A grid of known size is laid out and all the organisms within each square are counted.

9. Lincoln Index • Capture-Mark-Recapture • Animals are captured,counted, tagged and released. • After a period of time another capture occurs. • Previously tagged animals are counted and unmarked organisms are marked. • Abundance is calculated using the following formula:

10. Measurements • Sampling methods measure • Density • Coverage • Frequency • Biomass • Diversity

11. Density (D) • The number of individuals per unit area • D=ni/A • Eg. 10 dandelions/m2 • Relative density i (Rdi) • The Density of species i, Di, Divided by the sum of all the densities of the other species sampled • Rdi=Di/SD • Eg. 10/5+8+16

12. Coverage (C) • The proportion of ground that is occupied or area covered by the plant/species • Ci=ai/A • Relative coverage • The Coverage of species 1, Ci, divided by the sum total of the coverage of the other species sampled

13. Frequency (f) • The number of times a given event occurs • Eg. the number of quadrants that contain maple trees as a ration of all the quadrants • fi=ji/k • Relative frequency • The frequency of species i relative to the sum total of the frequencies of the other species found

14. Biomass (B) • Can be calculated by measuring the mass of the individuals per unit area • B= SW/A • More appropriate measure than density or frequency when • Number of individuals in hard to determine • Photosynthesis and carbon fixation, energy and nutrient transfer are more dependent upon biomass than the total number of individuals

15. Biomass Measurement methods • Fresh or wet weight • Used when organisms are alive • Dry weight • Used when the water content varies greatly • Oven dry at 105oC to remove water • Ash-Free Weight • Used when inorganic content varies greatly • Oxidize at 500oC until only inorganic ash remains

16. Diversity • The measure of variety of an ecosystem • Consists of 2 components • The number of different species or the richness of species in a specific area • The relative abundance of the individuals of each species in a specific area

17. Simpson's Diversity (D) • Measures species richness • If D is high the area may be a stable ancient site. • Low D may suggest pollution, recent colonization, or agricultural management