ESPAÑOL UNO

1. ESPAÑOL UNO CAPÍTULO 1 APUNTES

2. LOS SUSTANTIVOS Noun: person, place, thing, idea

3. LOS SUSTANTIVOS • A noun is a word used to identify people, places, things, or ideas. • All Spanish nouns have gender; masculine or feminine. • All Spanish nouns also have number; singular or plural. • Spanish nouns are generally accompanied by an article.

4. Nouns that refer to living things Masculine Nouns el hombrethe man ending in –oel chicothe boy el alumnothe (male) student ending in –orel directorthe (male) principal el profesorthe (male) teacher

5. Nouns that refer to living things Feminine Nouns la mujerthe woman ending in –ala chicathe girl la alumnathe (female) student ending in –orala directorathe (female) principal la profesorathe (female) teacher

6. Nouns that refer to males, like el hombre, are generally masculine and end in –oor –or. Nouns that refer to females, like la mujer, are generally feminine and end in –aand –ora. Spanish nouns

7. Some nouns have almost identical masculine and feminine forms—notice the difference. Spanish nouns • lajoven • the youth; the young woman • laestudiante • the (female) student • eljoven • the youth; the young man • elestudiante • the (male) student

8. Nouns that refer to nonliving things Masculine Nouns ending in –oel cuadernothe notebook el horariothe schedule el númerothe number el diccionariothe dictionary

9. Nouns that refer to nonliving things Feminine Nouns ending in –ala pantallathe screen la pizarrathe chalkboard la papelerathe garbage can la escuelathe school

10. Because the gender of nouns that refer to non-living things cannot be determined by foolproof rules, you should memorize the gender of each noun you learn. Spanish nouns

11. It is helpful to memorize each noun with its corresponding article, elfor masculine and lafor feminine. Another reason to memorize the gender of every noun is that there are common exceptions to the rules of gender. Spanish nouns Feminine noun ending in –o la mano(hand) Masculine noun ending in –a el mapa(map)

12. Nouns that end in a vowel form the plural by adding –s. el chico  los chicos la palabra  las palabras Nouns that end in a consonant add –es. el profesor los profesores Nouns that end in –z change the –z to –c, then add –es. el lápiz  los lápices la luz las luces Plural of nouns

13. You use the masculine plural form of the noun to refer to a group that includes both males and females. 1 pasajero + 2 pasajeras = 3 pasajeros 2 chicos + 2 chicas = 4 chicos Plural of nouns

14. LOS ARTÍCULOS Articles. the a(n), some

15. English often uses definite articles (the) and indefinite articles (a, an) before nouns. Spanish also has definite and indefinite articles—used much more! Spanish articles vary in form because they agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Spanish articles

16. Definite articles • Spanish has four forms that are equivalent to the English definite article the. You use definite articles to refer to specific nouns. Masculine Singular eldiccionario the dictionary Plural losdiccionarios the dictionaries Feminine Singular lacomputadora the computer Plural lascomputadoras the computers

17. Indefinite articles • Spanish has four forms that are equivalent to the English indefinite article, which according to context may mean a, an, or some. You use indefinite articles to refer to unspecified persons or things. Masculine Singular un amigo a (one) friend Plural unosamigos some friends Feminine Singular unabandera a (one) photograph Plural unasbanderas some photographs

18. ¿el, la, los o las? _____ chico _____ chica _____ maleta _____ cuadernos _____ lápiz _____ mujeres ¡INTÉNTALO! Provide a definite article for each noun in the first column and an indefinite article for each noun in the second column. • ¿un, una, unos o unas? • _____ autobús • _____ escuela • _____ computadora • _____ hombre • _____ señoras • _____ lápices

19. ADJ RULE • Adjectives must agree in number and gender with the noun or nouns modified.

20. PRONOMBRES SUJETOS Subject Pronouns. I, you, he, she, we, y’all, they

21. In order to use verbs, you will need to learn about subject pronouns. A subject pronoun replaces the name or title of a person or thing and acts as the subject of a verb. In both Spanish and English, subject pronouns are divided into three groups: first person, second person, and third person. Subject pronouns

22. Singular

23. Plural

24. Subject pronouns • Spanish has two subject pronouns that mean you (singular). • Use tú when addressing a friend, a family member, or a child you know well—very informal • Use Usted to address a person with whom you have a formal or more distant relationship, such as a superior at work, a professor, or an older person—formal.

25. Subject pronouns • Themasculine plural forms nosotros, vosotros, and ellos refer to a group of males or to a group of males and females. • The feminine plural forms nosotras, vosotras, and ellas can refer only to groups made up exclusively of females.

26. Subject Pronouns • There is no Spanish equivalent of the English subject pronoun it. Generally it is not expressed in Spanish. Es un problema. It’s a problem.

27. The verb ser(to be)

28. The verb ser(to be)

29. ¡ATENCIÓN! Unlike English, Spanish does not use the indefinite article (un, una) after ser when referring to professions, unless accompanied by an adjective or other description: Marta es profesora. Marta es una profesora excelente.

30. ¡INTÉNTALO!Provide the correct present forms of ser. 1. Gabriel _____ 2. Juan y yo (m.) _____ 3. Óscar y Flora _____ 4. Adriana _____ 5. las turistas _____ 6. el chico _____ 7. los conductores _____ 8. el señor y la señora Ruiz _____