THE ISLAMIC WORLD

1. THE ISLAMIC WORLD GARDINER 13-2 PP. 350-357

2. LUXURY ARTS • Furnishings of Islamic mosques and palaces -> sumptuous materials and rich decorative patterns • Muslim artisans -> worked w/metal, wood, glass, and ivory • Ornate ceramics • Bronze and brass objects • Silk and wool textiles -> featured both abstract and pictorial motifs • Wood was rare -> little movable furnishings -> instead, rugs and cushions

3. SILK • Confronting lions and palm tree, fragment of a textile said to be from Zandana, near Bukhara, Uzbekistan, eighth century. Silk compound twill, 2’ 11” x 2’ 9 1/2”. • Silks are one of the glories of Islamic art -> fragile -> few survive • The Silk Road = route from Asia to the Middle East and Europe on which goods were shipped • This rare silk fragment is an early example of Islamic silk textiles -> features animal motifs that were common in secular contexts but shunned for mosques

4. METALWORK • SULAYMAN, Ewer in the form of a bird, 796. Brass with silver and copper inlay, 1’ 3” high. • Cast brass -> signed and dated by its maker -> utilitarian bird ewer resembles a freestanding statue • Engraved decoration on the body combine incised lines suggesting feathers and abstract motifs and Arabic calligraphy

5. CALLIGRAPHY • Koran page with beginning of surah 18, al-Kahf (The Cave), ninth or early tenth century. Ink and gold on vellum, 7 1/4” x 10 1/4”. • Calligraphy is the most prized art form -> appears on most Islamic works of art • Faithful wanted to reproduce the Koran’s sacred words in as beautiful a script as humanly possible • The practice of calligraphy was a holy task and required long and arduous training • This Koran page shows the stately rectilinear Kufic script -> five text lines and a palm tree finial -> characteristically does not include depictions of animals or humans

6. LATER ISLAMIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE • New regional centers of Islamic art and architecture appear in the 2nd millennium • Key centers of later Islamic art and architecture are the Middle East, Turkey, and Spain ISLAMIC SPAIN • In the early 11th century the Umayyad caliphs’ power in Spain falls apart • Berber soldiers rule southern Spain for several generations • The Muslim capital of Cordoba fell to the Christians in 1236 • From 1236 until the final defeat of the Muslims in Spain in 1492 an Arab dynasty called the Nasrids rules what’s left from the their capital at Granada

7. THE ALHAMBRA • In Granada the Nasrids construct a huge palace-fortress called the Alhambra = “the Red” in Arabic because of the rose colored stone used for its walls and 23 towers • Only two of the palaces are preserved in good shape

8. Alhambra Palace -> The Court of the Lions, a unique remnant of Islamic animal statues.

9. The Alhambra • Muqarnas dome, Hall of the Two Sisters, Alhambra palace, Granada, Spain, 1354–1391. • Dome sits on octagonal drum supported by squinches -> pierced by 8 pairs of windows • Ceiling covered with 5,000 muqarnas -> intended to catch and reflect sunlight -> form beautiful abstract patterns -> symbolizes the dome of Heaven • MUQARNA = a honeycomb-like decoration often applied in Islamic buildings to domes, niches, capitals, or vaults -> the surface resembles intricate stalactites

10. The Alhambra • Under the Nasrids, the Alhambra was transformed into a palatine city w/irrigation system composed of acequias for lush and beautiful gardens of the Generalife located outside the fortress. • Previously, the old Alhambra structure had been dependent upon rainwater collected from a cistern and from what could be brought up from the Albaicín. • The creation of the “Sultan’s Canal” solidified the identity of the Alhambra as a sumptuous palace-city rather than a defensive and ascetic structure.

11. Water does not play the same essential role in traditional European architecture as it does in Islamic architecture. • The Quran states that ‘Every living thing is made of water’, and the prominence of this thought is visible in Islam’s use of water. • The role played by water in Islamic architecture is as symbolic as it is practical. • Water is not only used in a purely utilitarian manner: after all, it is the source of life and thus carries an important symbol - not only for Islam, but also for many cultures that associate it with life, purification and sustainability.

12. The Alhambra • Of the outlying buildings in connection with the Alhambra, the foremost in interest is the Palacio de Generalife or Gineralife (the Muslim Jennat al Arif, or "Garden of the Architect"). • This villa probably dates from the end of the 13th century, but has been several times restored. • Its gardens, however, with their clipped hedges, grottos, fountains, and cypress avenues, are said to retain their original Moorish character.

13. detail of an arabesque from the Alhambra • Most design elements in Islamic world are based on plant motifs -> sometimes intermingled w/abstract geometric shapes and, in secular settings, with animal figures • Natural forms are so stylized that they are lost in the purely decorative tracery of the tendrils, leaves, and stalks • These arabesques, as they are often called because they are so characteristic of Islamic (“Arab”) art, form a pattern that covers an entire surface, whether that of a small utensil or the wall of a building. • Patterns have no function but to decorate. Islamic art features 3 types of patterns: Arabesques Calligraphy tessellation

14. MAUSOLEUM OF SULTAN HASAN • Madrasa-mosque-mausoleum complex of Sultan Hasan (view from the south with the mausoleum in the foreground), Cairo, Egypt, begun 1356. • In mid-13th century Genghiz Khan and the Mongols conquer much of the Eastern Islamic world • Center of Islamic power moved from Baghdad to Egypt • Egypt was ruled by the Mamluks -> their capital was Cairo -> largest Muslim city in the late Middle Ages • This MADRASA = “place of study” was built by Sultan Hasan -> contains 4 madrasas, a mosque, his tomb, and various other buildings

15. OTTOMAN EMPIRE • Between 9th-11th centuries the Turkic people convert to Islam • Ottoman dynasty was founded by Osman I -> under his successors the Ottomans expand for 2 ½ centuries into Asia, Europe, and N. Africa • Ottoman emperors were lavish patrons of architecture • Dome covered square is the nucleus of all Ottoman architecture • Ottomans conquer Constantinople in 1453 -> Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia is converted into a mosque w/minarets • Central plan mosque is the basic form of Ottoman building

16. SINAN THE GREAT AND MOSQUE OF SELIM II • SINAN, Mosque of Selim II, Edirne, Turkey, 1568–1575 • Sinan = the most famous Ottoman architect • Mosque w/massive dome and four pencil thin minarets -> dome is higher than Hagia Sophia • Regarded as the climax of Ottoman architecture, Sinan’s forms are clear and legible, like mathematical equations. Height, width, and masses are related to one another in a simple but effective ratio of 1:2

17. SINAN THE GREAT • Interior of Mosque of Selim II designed by Sinan the Great • Main hall is an octagon formed by 8 massive dome supports -> four half dome-covered corners of the square