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BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES. CARBOHYDRATES. Carbohydrates have the empirical formula of (CH 2 0)n where n = the # of times the chain is repeated. The carbons, hydrogens and oxygens are found in the ratio of 1:2:1 and are made up of a repeating chain of sugars.

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BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

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  1. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

  2. CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates have the empirical formula of (CH20)n where n = the # of times the chain is repeated. The carbons, hydrogens and oxygens are found in the ratio of1:2:1and are made up of a repeating chain of sugars. Sugars are also known as saccarides. Carbohydrates usually end in ‘ose’. Can you think of any examples? C6H1206

  3. MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CARBS • Energy: when the bonds between Carbon atoms are broken, the energy released can be used by cells. • Carbohydrates are the primary energy molecules for all life. • 2. Structural: Cellulose is the major structural compound in plants (is used in the cell wall).

  4. CARBOHYDRATES: monosaccharides The basic sugar molecule is GLUCOSE: C6 H12 O6. Glucose has a ring structure. Other monosaccharides include fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

  5. CARBOHYDRATES: disaccharides glucose + glucose forms the sugar maltose glucose + fructose forms the sugar sucrose galactose + glucose forms the sugar lactose

  6. CARBOHYDRATES: polysaccharides • When many sugars bind together via dehydration synthesis four types of polysaccharides may be formed: • Starch • Glycogen • Cellulose • Chitin

  7. CARBOHYDRATES: polysaccharides CELLULOSE • The cell walls of plants are made of cellulose • They are long chains of glucose molecules with no side chains. • The linkage between the Carbon atoms of the sugars is different than starch and glycogen • No mammal can break this bond • 5. This is why we cannot digest cellulose = FIBRE.

  8. CARBOHYDRATES: polysaccharides STARCH • Plants store their energy as starch • Starch is made up of many glucose molecules linked together • Starch has few side chains

  9. CARBOHYDRATES: polysaccharides GLYCOGEN • Animals store their energy (extra glucose) as glycogen • We store glycogen in our liver and muscles • Glycogen is made up of many glucose molecules linked together • Glycogen has many side chains

  10. CARBOHYDRATES: polysaccharides CHITIN • Made by animals and fungi • Long glucose chains linked with covalent bonds. • Very strong • Makes structures like exo-skeletons, fingernails, claws, and beaks

  11. LIPIDS Lipids are made up of the elements C,H,O but in no set ratio. Lipids are large molecules that are insoluble in water.

  12. Neutral Fats: Triglycerides • Composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to 1 glycerol. • a) Fatty acids contain a long chain of 16-18 Carbons with an acid end. • b) Glycerol is a small 3 Carbon chain with 3 alcohol (OH) groups

  13. There are 2 Types of Triglycerides • 1. Saturated fats: • There are no double bonds in the carbon chains of the fatty acids. • The carbons are filled with hydrogens. • Unhealthy. • They mostly come from animals. • Become solid at room temperature. • Examples: lard, butter, animal fats…

  14. There are 2 Types of Triglycerides • 2. Unsaturated fats: • There are double bonds. • Mostly come from plants. • They are liquid at room temperature. • Healthy • Examples: olive oil, corn oil, palm oil…

  15. Phospholipids Are used to make up the two layered cell membrane of all cells.

  16. Steroids Steroids structurally look very different from lipids, but are also water insoluble. They are made up of 4 Carbon ring molecules fused together. Examples: testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol, and vitamin D. Used as sex hormones

  17. Essential Omega-3 Fats • Found in fish and leafy vegetables • Other foods are now offering omega-3’s (eggs, cereals, margarine…) • Help to reduce cancer • Helps with vision • Helps us think better

  18. Trans Fats Scientific evidence has shown that dietary saturated and trans fats can increase your risk of developing heart disease.

  19. Uses of Lipids • Long term storage for energy (more efficient spacewise than glycogen or starch). • Insulation and protection in animals • Making some hormones (steroids) • Structure of cell membranes. Without lipids, we would have no cells.

  20. Proteins • Proteins are made up of the elements C,H,O, and N (but in no set ratio). • Proteins are chains of Amino Acids (usually 75 or more) that bond together via dehydration synthesis. • 40% of the average human body is made up of protein.

  21. Actin & Myosin: muscle proteins Keratin: nails, hair, horns, feathers Collagen: bones, teeth, cartilage, tendon, ligament, blood vessels, skin matrix Functions of Proteins 1. Structural: proteins help make up all structures in living things

  22. Hemoglobin Functions of Proteins 2. Functional:other proteins help us to keep our bodies functioning properly and to digest our food. Enzymes:are proteins that are catalysts which speed up reactions and control all cell activities.

  23. Functions of Proteins • Food Source:once we have used up all of our carbohydrates and fats, proteins will be used for energy. • Proteins are worth the least amount of energy per gram. • Anorexia and Bolimia

  24. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids are acidic molecules that are found in the nucleus of cells. • There are two types, both of which are very LARGE. • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

  25. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are made up of C, H, O, P (and sometimes S) All nucleic acids are composed of units called NUCLEOTIDES, which are composed of three sub-molecules: 1. Pentose Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogen Base (purine or pyrimidine)

  26. Deoxyribonucleic Acid When DNA is first made, it is just two linear strands of nucleotides joined together. Due to internal bonding, the DNA molecule then forms into a double helix (twisted ladder).

  27. Functions of DNA • Directs and controls all cell activities by making all of the proteins and enzymes • b) Contains all of the genetic information necessary to make one complete organism of very exact specifications

  28. Ribonucleic Acid RNA is made by DNA. It is not confined to the nucleus, it moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell. It has Ribose sugar instead of Deoxyribose. It has no thymines, and uses URACIL’s instead. It is single stranded and therefore, no helix is formed. There are 3 types of RNA. The function of RNA is to assist DNA in making proteins.

  29. DNA RNA proteins

  30. Levels of Organization Sub-atomic particle (proton, electron, neutron) Atom Molecule Organelles Cells Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

  31. Levels of Organization Biosphere The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems Biosphere Ecosystem Community and its nonliving surroundings Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air Community Populations that live together in a defined area Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass Population Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area Bison herd

  32. 1 The biosphere Figure 1.3 • From the biosphere to organisms

  33. Levels of Organization Organism Individual living thing Bison Tissues, organs, and organ systems Groups of Cells Nervous system Brain Nervous tissue Smallest functional unit of life Cells Nerve cell Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds Molecules DNA Water

  34. 9Organelles 1 µm Cell 8Cells Atoms 10Molecules 10 µm 7Tissues 50 µm 6Organs and organ systems Figure 1.3 • From cells to molecules

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