Rise of a Mass Democracy

1. Rise of a Mass Democracy Although a New Democracy swept America in the 1820’s, several unresolved issues created conflicts, forcing the emergence of a two-party system. • Nullification • Bank War • Westward Expansion • Rise of Whigs

2. I. Nullification • The Election 1824 (JQA, HC, WC, AJ) • “A corrupt bargain” • Election of 1828 • The “Revolution of 1828” • “Old Hickory” • Spoils System • “Kitchen Cabinet” • The “Tariff of Abominations” (1828) • Protection for manufacturers • Reaction • Is slavery next? (Denmark Vessey) • South Carolina Exposition • Tariff of 1832 and Nullification Crisis • Tariff of 1832 • Hayne (Nullifier) v. Webster Debates (Unionist) • Tariff of 1833 • “Force Bill” • Election of 1832 • Clay v. Jackson • Anti-Masonic Party • Expansion of Democracy Peggy Eaton Jefferson Day Toast “The Union of the states and the Sovereignty of the states” Hayne “Our Union, it must be preserved” Andy “The union, next to our liberty, most dear!” Calhoun

3. Bank War • 2nd BUS 1816. Federal $ deposited, provided responsible credit, and encourage economic development. Mc v. MD (1819) made bank paramount to “wildcat” banks. • Jackson supported “wildcat banks” because BUS was aristocratic, monopolistic, • And unconstitutional. He clashed with Nicholas Biddle. 3. Henry Clay pushes for recharter. Jackson vetos. Election of 1832, Jackson wins 4. Jackson withdrew federal $ and deposited into select state banks or “pet banks” 5. Additional $ in “pet banks” expanded economy 6. Increase in demand for land. Prices skyrocket 7. Many banks overextended. BUS could have helped pet banks but was destroyed. Specie Circular slams brakes on speculation. 8. Business drops for banks (fewer loans) and banks call in loans to pay bills. 9. Result in panic selling, prices plummet, and borrowers default on their debts. 10. Many banks default.

4. III. Westward Expansion • Indian Removal • Indian Wars, 1815-1830 • “JM has made his decision…” • Trail of Tears, 1838 • Black Hawks and Seminoles • Birth of Texas • Stephen Austin, 1823 • Independence, 1836 • Santa Anna’s Army • Goliad, Alamo, and San Jacinto • No annexation!

5. IV. Rise of Whigs • Election of 1836 • The Birth of the Whigs a. Pro-market economy, American System, Nullification OK, Anti-Masons • Jackson’s Man-Van Buren • Problems of Van Buren • Caroline Incident • Overspeculation in infastructure and Europe • Panic of 1837 • Divorce Bill, 1840 • Independent Treasury • Election of 1840 • “Tippacanoe and Tyler Too” • New Politics • Popular democratic style • Creation of a vigorous and durable two party system.

6. Election Chronology Practice __ This election saw the first president seated from “the west” and included such mudslinging topics of duals, adultery and pimping for the Tsar. __ A strange four-way election puts an icy New Englander in office amid charges of a “corrupt bargain.” __ This election was won by a candidate who was “issueless and enemyless.” __ The winner of this election was a “Yes-man” who ran against several regional candidates. __This election included the first 3rd Party, national nominating conventions, and formal platforms.

7. Chronology Answers • 2 • 1 • 5 • 4 • 3

8. Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun Henry clay Martin Van Buren William Crawford John Quincy Adams Daniel Webster Nicholas Biddle Stephen Austin William Harrison Sam Houston John Tyler Santa Anna Denmark Vesey Annexation Antislavery Nullification Spoils system Wildcat banks Anti-Masonic Party National Republicans “Revolution of 1828” “Corrupt Bargain” Specie Circular Tariff of 1833 “Trail of Tears” Panic of 1837 Divorce Bill Independent Treasury “pet” banks Whig Party Chapter 13 Vocabulary