C. The Cerebellum ( 小脑 )

C. The Cerebellum (小脑) • Location: in the posterior cranial fossa. • Relationship: • anteroinferior: attached to the brain stem • by cerebellar peduncles(小脑脚) • posterosuperior:tentorium cerebelli (小脑幕) • 3. External feature • lateral: left & right cerebellar hemispheres • (小脑半球) • median:cerebellar vermis(小脑蚓) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

C. The Cerebellum (小脑) 3. External features Subdivision by fissures anterior lobe (前叶) primary fissure(原裂) posterior lobe (后叶) tonsil of cerebellum(小脑扁桃体) posterolateral fissure(后外侧裂) flocculonodular lobe (绒球小结叶) corpus of cerebellum (小脑体) = anterior lobe + posterior lobe Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

C. The Cerebellum (小脑) 3. External features Subdivisions Anatomical (解剖) Phylogenetic (种系发生) Connection (联系) Functions (功能) Anterior lobe (前叶) Paleocerebellum (旧小脑) Spino- cerebellum (脊髓小脑) Muscle tone & synergy of muscle (肌张力,肌协调) Motor execution (运动执行) primary fissure (原裂) cerebellar vermis(小脑蚓部) intermediate hemisphere (半球中间部) lateral portion of hemisphere (半球外侧部) Posterior lobe (后叶) Neocerebellum (新小脑) Cerebro- cerebellum (大脑小脑) Coordination of muscles Motor planning (协调运动)(运动计划) posterolateral fissure (前外侧裂) Flocculo- nodular lobe (绒球小结叶) Archicerebellum (原小脑) Vestibulo- Cerebellum (前庭小脑) Maintaining equilibrium coordinating eye movements (保持平衡, 协调眼运动) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

C. The Cerebellum (小脑) C. The Cerebellum (小脑) d c a a b c b d a. Vermis of cerebellum (小脑蚓部) b. Intermediate hemisphere (半球中间部) a + b = paleocerebellum c. Lateral hemisphere (半球外侧部) neocerebellum d. Flocculonodular lobe (绒球小结叶) archicerebellum Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

C. The Cerebellum (小脑) 4. Internal structure 1) cerebellar cortex (小脑皮质) a. molecular layer (分子层) b. Purkinje cell layer (梨状细胞层) c. granular layer (颗粒层) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

C. The Cerebellum (小脑) • molecular layer (分子层) • stellate cells (星形细胞)抑制性 • basket cells (蓝细胞))抑制性 • b. Purkinje cell layer • (梨状细胞层) • c. granular layer (颗粒层) • granule cells (颗粒细胞)4.6-1010 • Golgi cells 抑制性 • mossy fibers (苔藓纤维) • cerebellar glomerulus(小脑小球) Spinal cord, pontine nuclei, RF. Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

C. The Cerebellum (小脑) Archicerebellum(原小脑) 1 2) cerebellar (central) nuclei(小脑核) fastigial nucleus (顶核) vestibular nuclei (前庭核) vestibular nuclei (前庭核) cortex of archicerebellum (原小脑皮质) 前庭脊束小脑下脚 Intermediate hemisphere(半球中间部) 2 globose nucleus (球状核) (脊髓小脑束)→ cortex of paleocerebellum (旧小脑皮质) sup.cerebel.peduncle (小脑上脚) 3 [ataxia 共济失调] emboliform nucleus (拴状核) red nucleus (红核) [dysequilibrium平衡失调] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

C. The Cerebellum (小脑) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

4 C. The Cerebellum (小脑) Neocerebellar Cortex (新小脑皮质) dentate nucleus (齿状核) neocerebellar cortex (新小脑皮质) (小脑上脚) 中脚 red nuc. (红核) [dysmetria 辨距不良] [dysdiadochokinesia 轮替运动障碍] thalamus (丘脑腹外侧核) pontine neuc. (脑桥核) sup. cerebellar peduncle [intentional tremor意向性震颤] [syndrome of neocerebellum 新小脑综合征] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

C. The Cerebellum (小脑) 3) cerebellar peduncles(小脑脚) . peduncle tractsafferent/efferent dorsal spinocerebellar tract (脊髓小脑后束)A olivocerebellar tract (橄榄小脑束)A inferior arcuatocerebellar tract ( 弓状小脑束)A (下脚) reticulocerebellar tract (网状小脑束)A direct and secondary vestibulocerebellar tracts (前庭小脑束)A . cerebellovestibular tracts (小脑前庭束)E. middle (中脚) pontocerebellar tracts (脑桥小脑束)A . ventral spinocerebellar tract (脊髓小脑前束)A superior trigeminocerebellar tract (三叉小脑束)A (上脚) tectocerebellar tract (顶盖小脑束)A dentatorubrothalamic tract (齿状红核丘脑束)E Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

C. The Cerebellum (小脑) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

C. The Cerebellum (小脑) • Summary of the cerebellum Three sagittal divisions; vermis & two hemisphere. Three transverse divisions: anterior, posterior & flocculonodular lobes. Three phylogenetic subdivisions: archio-, paleo- & neocerebellum. Three layers of cortex: molecular, Purkinje cell, & granular. Three pairs of midline nuclei: fastigial nucleus, interpositus (emboliform and globose nuclei), & dentate nucleus. Three pairs of peduncles: inferior, middle, & superior. Three major decussations: Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) 1.Location:Between brain stemand cerebrum. The median cavity is the third ventricle. 2.Relationships: 3.  Divisions: a. dorsal thalamus (thalamus)(背侧丘脑) b. metathalamus(后丘脑) c. epithalamus(上丘脑) d. subthalamus(底丘脑) e. hypothalamus(下丘脑) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) 1) dorsal thalamus (thalamus) (背侧丘脑) Subdivision: a. median nuclei (中线核) b. medial nuclei (内侧核群) c. internal medullary lamina (内髓板) Y-shape anterior nuclei (前核群) locate in the bifurcation of the IML intralaminar nuclei (板内核) locate in the IML d. lateral nuclei (外侧核群) e. external medullary lamina (外髓板) f. reticular nucleus (网状核) a c b b a c d e d f Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) Phylogenic subdivision of the dorsal thalamus (1) nonspecific thalamic nuclei (非特异性核团)(archithalamus 古丘脑) a. nuclei median nuclei (中线核): intermediate mass (丘脑间粘合) intralaminar nuclei (板内核) reticular nucleus (网状核) b. connection afferent:← 嗅脑, 脑干网状结构, 下丘脑, 纹状体. efferent: →cerebral cortex c. function: maintaining awakening status for vital activity (维持清醒状态).    Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) (2)Specific thalamic nuclei (特异性核团) (paleothalamus 旧丘脑) a. nuclei ventral anterior nucleus (腹前核) ventral lateral nucleus (腹外侧核) ← 小脑齿状核, 苍白球, 黑质 → cerebral cortex (precentral gyrus中央前回) ventral posterior nucleus (腹后核) i.ventral posterolateral nucleus (腹后外侧核) ←all senses of trunk (躯干全部感觉)←spinothalamic tract, medial lemniscus ii. ventral posteromedial nucleus (腹后内侧核) ← all senses of head (头部全部感觉,味觉)←trigeminal lemniscus, 孤束核 →cerebral cortex (postcentral gyrus中央后回) [spontaneous pain 自发性痛疼] i ii    Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) (3)Associate nuclei (联络性核团) (neothalamus 新丘脑) nuclei & connection: anterior nucleus(前核群) ← 下丘脑乳头体, ← 扣带回④⑤ →internal nuclei (内侧核群) lateral nuclei (外侧核群) lateral dorsal nucleus (背外侧核) lateral posterior nucleus (后外侧核) pulvinar (枕) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) function:high neural activity (高级神经活动) (情感意识的辨别能力, 学习记忆活动 ) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) 2) metathalamus (后丘脑) a. medial geniculate body (内侧膝状体):← brachium of inferior colliculus (下丘臂) ← acoustic 听觉 b. lateral geniculate body (外侧膝状体):← optic tract (视束) ← visual 视觉 Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) 3) epithalamus (上丘脑) a. pineal body (松果体) 内分泌 b. habenular trigone (缰三角) 嗅觉 c. habenular commissure (缰连合) d. thalamic medullary stria (丘脑髓纹) e. posterior commissure (后连合) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) 4) subthalamus (底丘脑) (ventral thalamus 腹侧丘脑) 锥体外系 5) hypothalamus (下丘脑) Location:beneath the hypothalamic sulcus(下丘脑沟)  a. optic chiasma (视交叉)  b. optic tract (视束) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) c. mammillary body (乳头体) d. tuber cinereus (灰结节) e. infundibulum (漏斗) f. median eminence (正中隆起) g. infundibular process (漏斗突) h. hypophysis (垂体) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑)  Nuclei of the hypothalamus(下丘脑核团) a. supraoptic nucleus (视上核) → supraoptico-hypophyseal tract (视上垂体束) → vasopressin (加压素) b. paraventricular nucleus (室旁核) → paraventri-culohypophyseal tract (室旁垂体束) → oxytocin (催产素) b a c Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) c. tuberal nucleus (结节核) → tuberoinfundibular (-hypophyseal) tract (结节漏斗[垂体]束) d. infundibular nucleus (漏斗核) e. mammillary nucleus (乳头体核) f. suprachiasmatic nucleus (交叉上核) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) Functions of the hypothalamus a. regulation of the viscera(内脏调节) (subcortical centers of autonomic nervous system 皮质下植物性中枢): body temperature (体温), feeding (ingestion) (摄食), reproduction (生殖), balance of water (水平衡). b. neurosecretory function(神经内分泌功能) c. biological clock(生物钟) 视交叉上核 d. emotion reaction(情绪反应) 与边缘系统密切联系 Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

D. The Diencephalon (间脑) Sympathetic n.(交感神经)(in the posterior and lateral part): cardiac acceleration (心加速), BP↑ (血压升高), cessation of the gastrointestinal tract (胃肠道活动停止), dilatation of the pupil (瞳孔扩大), hyperglycemia (血糖升高). Parasympathetic n.(副交感神经)(in the ant. part): heart rate↓(心率下降), BP↓(血压下降), salivation(分泌唾液), increase of the gastrointestinal tract (胃肠道活动增加), contraction of the urinary bladder(膀胱收缩). Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) 1.  External features 1) main division a. cerebral hemisphere (大脑半球) left side (dominant 优势): language(语言),calculate(计算),thought (thinking)(思维). right side (nondominant 非优势): stereo visual(立体视觉),music(音乐)and art(艺术). Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) b. corpus callosum (胼胝体) c. cerebral longitudinal fissure (大脑纵裂) d. cerebral transverse fissure (大脑横裂) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) e. lateral sulcus (fissure of Sylvius) (外侧沟) f. central sulcus (sulcus of Rolando) (中央沟) g. parietooccipital sulcus (顶枕沟) h. cingulate sulcus (扣带沟) i. preoccipital notch (枕前切迹) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) 2) lobes (分叶) a. frontal lobe (额叶) b. parietal lobe (顶叶) c. temporal lobe (颞叶) d. occipital lobe (枕叶) e. insula (岛叶) f. limbic lobe (边缘叶) g. rhinencephalon (嗅脑) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) 3) frontal lobe (额叶)somatic motor, language, judgment (判断), thought (思维), synthesis (综合) a. frontal pole (额极) b. precentral sulcus (中央前沟) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) c.  precentral gyrus (Brodmann 4,6) (中央前回):primary motor area第I躯体运动区随意运动 ant. part of paracentral lobule (中央旁小叶前部):primary motor area (leg & foot)随意运动 Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Motor cortex (precentral gyrus) 运动皮质 (中央前回) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) d. superior frontal sulcus (额上沟) e. inferior frontal sulcus (额下沟) f. superior frontal gyrus (额上回)  g. middle frontal gyrus: (额中回) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) i.  posterior part (Brodmann 8) : writing area of language (书写中枢) (in dominant hemisphere)[agraphia 失写症][apraxia 失用症] ii.  middle part (Brodmann 8,9) : synergetic motor area of eyeballs (眼球协同运动) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑)  h. inferior frontal gyrus (额下回): Broca’s area (Brodmann 44,45) (in dominant hemisphere)motor speech area of language area (运动性语言中枢) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) i. opercular part (frontal operculum) (岛盖部) ii. triangular part (三角部) [aphemia 运动性失语症] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) 4) parietal lobe (顶叶)somatic sensory (躯体感觉), taste (味觉), language, synthesis (综合), analysis (分析), judgement (判断) a. postcentral sulcus (中央后沟) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) b.  postcentral gyrus (中央后回): (Brodmann 3,1,2) primary somesthetic (general sensory)area第I躯体感觉区 lower part (Brodmann 43) : equilibrium sense & taste area(平衡觉区,味觉区) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) 躯体感觉皮质 (中央后回) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) c.  posterior part of paracentral lobule (中央旁小叶后部):primary somesthetic area d. intraparietal (interparietal) sulcus (顶内沟) e. superior parietal lobule (顶上小叶) f. inferior parietal lobule (顶下小叶) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) i. supramarginal gyrus (缘上回): (Brodmann 22,40) (Wernicke’s area) auditory speech area(听觉性语言中枢)[sensory aphasia 感觉性失语症] ii.  angular gyrus (角回): (Brodmann 39) visual speech area (视觉性语言中枢)(reading area)[alexia 失读症] iii. precuneus (楔前叶) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) 5) temporal lobe (颞叶):acoustic(听觉), language (语言), memory(记忆) a. temporal pole (颞极) b. superior temporal sulcus (颞上沟) c. inferior temporal sulcus (颞下沟) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) d. superior temporal gyrus (颞上回) i. transverse temporal sulci (颞横沟) ii. transverse temporal gyri (颞横回): (Brodmann 41 ,42) acoustic area (听区) iii. temporal operculum (颞叶岛盖部): (Brodmann 22) auditory speech area(听觉性语言中枢) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) e. middle temporal gyrus (颞中回) f. inferior temporal gyrus (颞下回) g. occipitotemporal sulcus (枕颞沟) h. lateral occipitotemporal gyrus (枕颞外侧回) i. medial occipitotemporal gyrus (枕颞内侧回) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

E. The Telencephalon (端脑) 6) occipital lobe (枕叶)visual (视觉), synthesis a. occipital pole (枕极) b. preoccipital notch (incisure) (枕前切迹)  c. cuneus (楔叶) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

C. The Cerebellum ( 小脑 )