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DAYLIGHTING CONCEPTS

DAYLIGHTING CONCEPTS. Mt. Angel Library by Alvar Aalto; featuring a major daylight “fixture”. Daylighting. Daylighting has always been of major importance, but somehow during the 1960s, we forgot everything we knew about the art and science of daylighting.

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DAYLIGHTING CONCEPTS

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  1. DAYLIGHTINGCONCEPTS Mt. Angel Library by Alvar Aalto; featuring a major daylight “fixture” Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 1

  2. Daylighting Daylighting has always been of major importance, but somehow during the 1960s, we forgot everything we knew about the art and science of daylighting. Cheap energy and air conditioning did us in. William Caudill in the Foreword to Daylight in Architecture an example of the allure and power of active systems Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 2

  3. ^^ Kimbell Art Museum, Ft. Worth, TX Mt. Angel Library, Mt. Angel, OR >> daylighting offers great opportunities for creative design Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 3

  4. Daylight Components The daylight reaching a given point within a building generally consists of a mix of the following components (which show up as elements in some design analysis methods): -- a sky component (SC) -- an externally reflected component (ERC) -- an internally reflected component (IRC) these “internal” components are related to—but not the same as—the direct, diffuse, and reflected resource components that comprise light falling on an aperture Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 4

  5. Daylight Components DF = SC + ERC + IRC the “sky” component is not the same as a “direct solar” component Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 5

  6. A Daylighting Design Process • Establish lighting system design intent and criteria • Daylighting may be a reasonable method to achieve intent • If so, select a likely daylighting implementation method (an approach or approaches) • Validate that the approach actually works (that the result meets intent and criteria) using appropriate design tools • Refine the initial design solution as required using appropriate analysis tools; validate the final design solution • Develop construction drawings and specifications • Commissioning the daylighting system design (critical) • Construct • Commissioning the daylighting system (especially controls) • Occupy building; validate system in place and in use; learn and communicate the lessons learned Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 6

  7. Daylighting Design Issues • The source of light is variable • addressed through the design process • addressed via coordination with electric lighting • addressed in usage by space occupants • The source of light is outside the building • light must be brought into a building • light must be skillfully distributed from an aperture located at the periphery of a space • These are primarily architectural design issues • architects must take the lead • daylighting potential is established with the first design moves (plan, orientation, and massing) Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 7

  8. General Daylighting Approaches • Sidelighting • Unilateral or bilateral • Windows • Clerestories (if low) • Toplighting • Skylights • Clerestories (if high) • Hybrids and combinations windows.lbl.gov/ www.inhabitat.com/ what about “bottomlighting”? Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 8

  9. Sidelighting (if unilateral) illuminance (lux, FC or DF) on horizontal task plane illuminance drops off fairly quickly as distance from aperture increases Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 9

  10. Sidelighting (if bilateral) illuminance drops off fairly quickly as distance from aperture increases; but two opposing apertures help to balance light distribution across space Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 10

  11. Toplighting (if single aperture) illuminance drops off fairly quickly as distance from aperture increases Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 11

  12. Hybrid Approaches illuminance from skylight fills in “gap” caused by sidelight distribution pattern Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 12

  13. Daylighting System Components • Light source  the sky not direct sun • Apertures (openings—such as windows or skylights) • Aperture modifications (lightshelves, shading devices, glazings, jambs, …) • Space geometry (length, width, height of room) • Surface reflectances (of ceiling, walls, …) • The illuminated thing (task, surface, …) Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 13

  14. Daylighting System Components • Source (the sky  not direct solar) • On a macro scale this resource is a function of geographic locale and site conditions • Apertures (openings) • Are a function of design decisions (placement in building, size, number, orientation) • Aperture modifications (lightshelves, shading devices, glazings, …) • Are a function of design decisions the site presents an opportunity that the designer can run with Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 14

  15. Daylighting System Components • Space geometry • Is a function of design decisions  optimize space layout and use the space itself to help distribute light • Reflectances • Are function of design decisions  use reflective surface finishes to spread light • Illuminated thing (task, surface, …) • A function of space type and usage … good daylighting design is good architectural design Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 15

  16. More on Daylighting Glazing • Glazing location (orientation, tilt, surroundings) is important • Glazing area and DF are related in a generally linear manner • Usually, daylighting glazing should have a high VT (visible transmittance) and a low SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient)—characteristics that will be incompatible in many products • Generally daylighting should involve no direct solar radiation (provide shading devices to ensure this without blocking diffuse daylight) Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 16

  17. More on Lightshelves These elements are used with daylighting windows to more evenly distribute daylight in a space; they do not substantially increase the amount of daylight that is captured • They can be external, internal, or both • When used, they split a window area into “view” and “non-view” components • They can assist with shading against direct solar radiation (thus reducing heat gain and glare) • Performance is not well documented—lightshelf design is more an art than a science Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 17

  18. Lightshelves Inland Revenue (UK), image from LBL exterior lightshelves, Milwaukee, winter Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 18

  19. Daylighting Example building context campus context Philips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH; Library, Louis Kahn (1967) Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 19

  20. façade texture and layers building massing Philips Exeter Academy Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 20

  21. reading carrels and lounge area Philips Exeter Academy Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 21

  22. note difference in “warmth” of light grand entry staircase and structure Philips Exeter Academy Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 22

  23. various views of structure (contrast of wood and concrete) Philips Exeter Academy Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 23

  24. views up into central volume, showing minimal toplighting and smoke vents Philips Exeter Academy Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 24

  25. bookshelf engages structure user of stair engages structure Philips Exeter Academy Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 25

  26. Daylighting Example exterior courtyard (note vegetative shading) meeting room Kimbell Art Museum, Dallas, TX; Louis Kahn (1972) Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 26

  27. images from: http://www.kimbellart.org/ Kimbell Art Museum gallery interior exterior view Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 27

  28. images from: http://www.kimbellart.org/ gallery interior daylighting fixture Kimbell Art Museum Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 28

  29. images from: http://www.kimbellart.org/ exterior view gallery open to courtyard Kimbell Art Museum Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 29

  30. Daylighting Example Emerald People’s Utility District Offices, Eugene, OR; Equinox Design south façade with fixed and vegetative shading Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 30

  31. north façade, note glazing, no shading lightshelf Emerald People’s Utility District Offices Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 31

  32. Emerald People’s Utility District Offices south façade, note fabric shading devices break room, note direct solar infusion Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 32

  33. it takes more than an aperture to make a daylighting system skylight, unnamed architecture building (think about maintenance) Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 33

  34. Phoenix Convention Center some serious external shading shading, more and less, from glass Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 34

  35. Why CarbonDioxide Matters http://img257.imageshack.us/i/3way8fp.png/ Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 35

  36. Why Reducing Carbon Emissions Matters http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9527485/ Fall 1979 Fall 2005 Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 36

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