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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. 4-1. Discrete Probability Distributions. Outline. 4-2. 4-1 Introduction 4-2 Probability Distributions and Expectation 4-3 The Binomial Distribution 4-4 Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation for the Binomial Distribution. Objectives. 4-3.

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 4-1 Discrete Probability Distributions

  2. Outline 4-2 • 4-1 Introduction • 4-2 Probability Distributions and Expectation • 4-3 The Binomial Distribution • 4-4 Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation for the Binomial Distribution

  3. Objectives 4-3 • Construct a probability distribution for a random variable. • Find the mean and expected value for a discrete random variable. • Find the exact probability forXsuccesses inntrials of a binomial experiment.

  4. 4-2 Probability Distributions 4-5 • A variable is defined as a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values. • A variable whose values are determined by chance is called a random variable.

  5. 4-2 Probability Distributions 4-6 • If avariablecan assume only a specific number of values, such as the outcomes for the roll of a die or the outcomes for the toss of a coin, then the variable is called adiscrete variable. • Discrete variables have values that can be counted.

  6. 4-2 Probability Distributions 4-7 • If avariablecan assume all values in the interval between two given values then the variable is called acontinuous variable.Example -temperature between 680 to 780. • Continuous random variables are obtained from data that can be measured rather than counted.

  7. H H T Second Toss H T 4-2 Probability Distributions - Tossing Two Coins 4-8 T First Toss

  8. 4-2 Probability Distributions - Tossing Two Coins 4-9 • From the tree diagram, the sample space will be represented byHH, HT, TH, TT. • IfXis the random variable for the number of heads, thenXassumes the value0, 1, or 2.

  9. 4-2 Probability Distributions - Tossing Two Coins 4-10 Sample Space Number of Heads 0 1 2 TT TH HT HH

  10. 4-2 Probability Distributions - Tossing Two Coins 4-11

  11. 4-2 Probability Distributions 4-12 • Aprobability distributionconsists of the values a random variable can assume and the corresponding probabilities of the values. The probabilities are determined theoretically or by observation.

  12. 4-2 Probability Distributions -- Graphical Representation 4-13 Experiment: Toss Two Coins 1 Y T I L I 0 . 5 B A B O R P .25 0 1 2 3 N U M B E R O F H E A D S

  13. The mean of the random variable of a probability distribution is m × + × + + × = X P ( X ) X P ( X ) . . . X P ( X ) 1 1 2 2 n n = × å X P ( X ) where X , X , . . . , X are the outcomes and 1 2 n P ( X ), P ( X ), . . . , P ( X ) are the corresponding 1 2 n probabilities. 4-2 Mean, Variance and Expectation for Discrete Variable 4-14

  14. 4-2 Mean for Discrete Variable -Example 4-15 • Find the mean of the number of spots that appear when a die is tossed. The probability distribution is given below.

  15. 4-2 Mean for Discrete Variable -Example 4-16 That is, when a die is tossed many times, the theoretical mean will be 3.5.

  16. 4-2 Mean for Discrete Variable -Example 4-17 • In a family with two children, find the mean number of children who will be girls. The probability distribution is given below.

  17. 4-2 Mean for Discrete Variable -Example 4-18     X P ( X )       0 ( 1 / 4 ) 1 ( 1 / 2 ) 2 ( 1 / 4 ) = 1 . That is, the average number of girls in a two-child family is 1.

  18. 4-2 Expectation 4-25

  19. 4-2 Expectation -Example 4-26 • A ski resort loses $70 000 per season when it does not snow very much and makes $250 000 when it snows a lot. The probability of it snowing at least 190 cm (i.e., a good season) is 40%. Find the expected profit.

  20. 4-2 Expectation -Example 4-27 • The expected profit = ($250 000)(0.40) + (–$70 000)(0.60) = $58 000.

  21. 4-3 Binomial Probability Distributions 4-28 • Abinomial experimentis a probability experiment that satisfies the following four requirements: • Each trial can have only two outcomes or outcomes that can be reduced to two outcomes. Each outcome can be considered as either a success or a failure.

  22. 4-3 The Binomial Distribution 4-29 • There must be a fixed number of trials. • The outcomes of each trial must be independent of each other. • The probability of success must remain the same for each trial.

  23. 4-3 The Binomial Distribution 4-30 • The outcomes of a binomial experiment and the corresponding probabilities of these outcomes are called abinomial distribution.

  24. 4-3 The Binomial Distribution 4-31 • Notation for the Binomial Distribution: • P(S) = p, probability of a success • P(F) = 1 – p = q, probability of a failure • n= number of trials • X=number of successes.

  25. 4-3 Binomial Probability Formula 4-32 In a binomial experiment , the probability of exactly X successes in n trials is n !  P ( X ) p q X n  X  ( n X ) ! X !

  26. 4-3 Binomial Probability -Example 4-33 • If a student randomly guesses at five multiple-choice questions, find the probability that the student gets exactly three correct. Each question has five possible choices. • Solution:n = 5, X = 3 and p = 1/5. Then, P(3) = [5!/((5–3)!3! )](1/5)3(4/5)2 =0.0512.

  27. 4-3 Binomial Probability -Example 4-34 • A survey found that 30% of teenage consumers received their spending money from part-time jobs. If five teenagers are selected at random, find the probability that at least three of them will have part-time jobs.

  28. 4-3 Binomial Probability -Example 4-35 • Solution:n = 5, X = 3, 4 and 5 and p = 0.3. Then, P(X3) = P(3) + P(4) + P(5) = 0.1323 + 0.0284 + 0.0024 = 0.1631. • NOTE:You can use Table B in the textbook to find the Binomial probabilities as well.

  29. 4-3 Binomial Probability -Example 4-36 • A report from the Canadian Safety Commission stated that 70% of single-vehicle traffic fatalities that occur on weekend nights involve an intoxicated driver. If a sample of 15 single-vehicle traffic fatalities that occurred on a weekend night is selected, find the probability that exactly 12 involve a driver who is intoxicated.

  30. 4-3 Binomial Probability -Example 4-37 • Solution:n = 15, X = 12 and p = 0.7. From Table B, P(X =12) = 0.170

  31. 4-4 Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation for the Binomial Distribution -Example 4-38 • A coin is tossed four times. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the number of heads that will be obtained. • Solution:n = 4, p = 1/2 and q = 1/2. •  = np = (4)(1/2) = 2. • 2 = npq = (4)(1/2)(1/2) = 1. •  = = 1.

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