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Juan Peron’s Argentina

Juan Peron’s Argentina. Topic 3 origin of authoritarian and single party states Paper 2. Conditions producing ASPS. General popular discontent with the government (20’s-30’s) Corrupt government run by the oligarchy up to the late 1930’s Political unrest generated by the above

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Juan Peron’s Argentina

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  1. Juan Peron’s Argentina Topic 3 originofauthoritarian and single party states Paper 2

  2. Conditions producing ASPS • General populardiscontentwiththegovernment (20’s-30’s) • Corruptgovernment run by theoligarchy up to the late 1930’s • Politicalunrestgenerated by theabove • World War II affecting Argentina: Pro Allies vs. Pro Axis; increasedpoverty due to highercostof living driven by theWar • MilitaryDictatorship

  3. What options are available?

  4. How did Peron rise to power? • Earnedthe support ofthelowerclassesthroughthepublicationofseveraldocumentsthatclearlyimprovedthe living conditionsofthe masses: • Someexamplesare: «thestatuteoftheworker», «therightsofthe woker», «therightsoftheelderly», «collectiveworkcovenants», «lawofsocialprevision», «lawofworkaccidents», «lawofworkers’ housing», «union schools», «retirement schemes» «rules on workingconditions and rest»

  5. How did Peron rise to power? Continued. • 1943 – becameSecretaryofWar and then Secretary of Labor • 1944-45 Vice President under Farrell • Conservativesexiled him in 1945 but mass protests forcedthemilitary to restore him to office. • Successfullygained power legally in theFebruary 1946 elections (1946-1951) (1951-1955)

  6. What was Peron’s aim? • To Increase employment, economic growth and international sovereignty • In the Cold War context: national determination • To nationalize industries in hopes of increasing the sense of patriotism (banks, railways, grain industry) • To become self-sufficient and satisfy internal demands before exporting anything • To free Argentina from foreign economic dominance to create independence from other countries

  7. What was Peron’s ideology? • «For usjusticialists, theworldtoday is dividedintocapitalists and communists in conflict: weareneither one nor theother one. We hope to be ideologicallyoutsideofthatconflictofworldinterests[…] Webelievethatcapitalism, as well as communismare obsolete systems. Weconsidercapitalism to be theexploitationof man for capital and communism as theexploitationoftheindividual for the state. Bothintensifythe person through different systems.» • Peronism, a.k.a. Justicialismrevolvedaround 3 issues: • 1. economics • 2. politics • 3. socialjustice • See the 20 truths: instillednationalisttendencies to promote a stronggovernment • Allowed him to claim a 3rd way, not L or R • Brought more freedom to his country

  8. Who supported Peron? • AftertheLaborreformsmade as a SecretaryofLabortheworkingclasssupported him. • The 1944 nicaraguan earthquake gave him a platform to gain more followers from thepoor masses. • 1945 received support from the «descamisados» and the «cabezitasnegras». • The Labor Party wasthebackbone for his election.

  9. Method used to establish the ASPS • Used Evita as the head of labor unions (CGT) • Used Evita as the link between the leader and the masses • Constitutional reforms, to include social justice and to allow presidential re-election twice in a row: legal way of establishing absolute rule

  10. Form of Government • Justicialismo – Third Way to keep good diplomatic relations with both sides during the time of the Cold War • Authoritarian – any attempts of opposition would be crushed violently • He appointed the members of the supreme court

  11. Who was the opposition? • Grl. Eduardo Avalos and the Anti-Peronists (all conservatives)  Union Democratica • Wealthylandowners, cattleowners and business owners • Roman Catholic Church (after 1952) • UCR, Socialist, Progressive Democrat and Communistparties, unofficial unions • USA (embassy) – Peron claimedtheywere imperialists • Marine force, intellectuals and newspapers • Prison for anyonespeakingagainst Peron

  12. Domestic Policies • Labor reform • 8 hour day established and Sunday’s off • Workers received paid vacations • Retirement law was established!! • Maternity leave for women: 3 months! • Workers’ recreation centers constructed all over Argentina and available for a small fee • Forming of trade unions in every industry • Payment of Argentina’s foreign debt • Public works’ schemes: hospitals, schools

  13. Workers’ recreationcenters (socialtourism)

  14. Economic Policies • Were the basis of Peron’s rule. • Wanted a free economy, independent from foreign influence  they were in a good position for this as they had huge reserves from the nationalizing of the Central Bank • Nationalized industries through his 5YP • Transportation/railways (UK/France)/Telecomunications • Opened employment opportunities at state’s expense

  15. Economic policies … continued • Helpedwiththeindustrializationof Argentina hoping to achieveautarchy • Airplaneindustry • Marine industry • Automotive industry (Argentina was2nd in theworldto use glass fiber in a Porsche!) • However, by ‘47, 32% of reserves weregone! • Economicstagnationplagued his 2nd term: workersbegan to lose faithafter Eva died in ‘52.

  16. Social Policies • Instill a strongsenseofNationalism • Allow for a more socialdemocracythrough his socialpolicies: • Equal redistributionofthewealth, retirement laws • Wages’ improvement, family salary, paidvacations • This showedPeron’s support for theworkingclass • Thesewerethe basis during his first presidency, Argentina went from exploited in the 1930s to a «solidary Argentina» by 1955. • Medical care: maternity, dental, otherconsultations • Low-income housingprojectswerecreated and carriedout during both 5YPs • Interest rates werefrozen

  17. Low income housing

  18. Religious Policies • Argentina was Catholic and gave him initial support, however, upon realizing their being used to gain him support: • 1954 – Peron wants the separation of the Church and state • He passes laws that eliminated religious holidays • Pope Pius XII excommunicated Peron and all Peronistas after passing a law to legalize prostitution and divorce

  19. Constitutional reform of 1949 • Aim: to eliminate social injustice. • Reformed in March 1949 from 1853 and it includes all the social policies mentioned before (family, elderly, education, etc.) • See article 39 and 40 about the use of property for the good of the Nation.

  20. Foreign Policy • Self determination of countries and solidarity with smaller countries were the basis of his foreign policy.

  21. Role of education • More access to the masses through the creation of the Ministry of Education and Union Schools with free education for all. • Removal of university fees • Universities were aiming to educate those who deserved it and worked to obtain more knowledge • Indoctrination of youth in schools

  22. Role of propaganda Books for school aged children, see the handout on Propaganda for an example of such stories published by his regime.

  23. More Propaganda

  24. Role of media • Controlled Radio, press, TV, Film and theatre by censorship • Evita had her own newspaper: Democracias where loads of propaganda was published

  25. Status of Women • Due to Evita’s support, the role of women and their rights changed drastically in Argentina. • Women were given political rights: • 1947 right to vote and hold office • The also maintained traditional roles: • Raising children to be great Peronistas • Women belong in the home

  26. Status of other minority groups • Youth • Union of Secondary Students • Early childhood

  27. End of his 1st and 2nd rule • He ran for elections in 1952 and won. The nextperiodwent up to 1955. • 1952 issuedtheausterity plan due to lackof resources and wealth in Argentina; theresultwasreducedinflation. • The economyofthe country wasexhausted and couldno longer takehigh growth rates. • Peron adopts a more classiceconomy during his second rule • The Oil crisismade Peron get foreign investments, marking his downfall.

  28. End to his rule (2nd period) … continued • 1954 – opposed the Church due to lack of any other opposition (he had eliminated them!) • June 1955 – Bomb at the presidency • September 15, 1955 army attack, coup to remove peron from power. • Peron resigns to stop the emerging violence and leaves in power an emerging Junta on september 20 • Exiled from 1955 to 1973 in Spain • Reconciled with the church

  29. Peron’s 3rd period • The 70’s started as a decade with serious economic problems: • Drastic Increase in the cost of living • Inflation due to the budgetary deficit, to an excessive investment by state enterprises, clientelism • Hector Campora, a stand in for Peron won the presidential election of 1973 but stepped down after the tragedy of Peron’s return • Ruled until he died in 1974 • His legacy was to improve the life of Argentines

  30. Sources • http://www.portalplanetasedna.com.ar/gobiernoperonista.htm • http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=65

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