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Video: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Psychology – Unit 6 – Motivation & Emotio n: Hunger. Hunger is physiological , social & psychological. 5 things to know about Motivation & Emotion.
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Psychology – Unit 6– Motivation & Emotion: Hunger Hunger is physiological, social & psychological.
5 things to know about Motivation & Emotion... • Human motivation is complex, and while there are a number of theories, none by itself sufficiently explains our behavior. • Biological motivation includes the role of the hypothalamus, which maintains a state called homeostasis. • Theories of social motivation, including the need for achievement and the hierarchy of needs, show the importance of understanding motivation in the context of our environments. • Emotions can be explained through a variety of theoretical perspectives, each arguing that emotion emerges in conjunction with physiological response to stimuli.
In the 60’s it was discovered that hunger comes from… The Brain The Hypothalamus
Physiology of Hunger Washburn’s studies showed hunger was partially related to the stomach. But those persons who have had their stomachs removed still feel hunger. BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION: Hypothalamus is the region of the brain most often associated with motivation. Plays an important role in the motivation for feeding, fighting, fleeing, & sexual reproduction. Glucose The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat. Whenglucose levels drop: HUNGER INCREASES
BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION Evidence: The lateral hypothalamusprovides motivation for hunger or feeding: Lesionlateral hypothalamus in a rat, the rat will lose its appetite. The rat will experience a form of anorexiain which it will not be hungry &, therefore, will not eat. -------------------------------------------------- Evidence: The ventromedial hypothalamus as the satiety center(part of the brain that tells you that you are full): Lesiontheventromedial hypothalamus, the rat will not feel full. The rat will continue to eat well beyond what is normally expected.
Summary of The Hypothalamus & Hunger Stimulate the ventromedial hypothalamus& the animal will stop eating Along the lower middle section of the hypothalamus is the ventromedial hypothalamus: which depresses hunger. Lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus the animal will continuously want to eat. Along the sides of the hypothalamus is the lateral hypothalamus: whichbrings on hunger. Stimulate the lateral hypothalamus& even a well fed animal will begin to eat. Lesion the lateral hypothalamus& a starving animal will have no interest in food.
LATERAL AREA: “Start center” for hunger VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS: “Stop center” for hunger Is there more to this than a simple start & stop center?Probably. Contemporary theories on hunger focus on neural circuits within the hypothalamus.
2. Set Point Theory:Hypothalamus acts like a thermostat. We are meant to be in a certain weight range. When we fall below weight our body will increase hunger and decrease energy expenditure(Basal Metabolic Rate). What happens if we go above our setpoint? How does the hypothalamus work? 2 Theories 1. Leptin Theory:protein produced by bloated fat cells. Hypothalamus senses rises in leptin& will curbeating&increaseactivity. Can leptin injections help you lose weight?
Homeostasis: tendency of all organisms to maintain a balanced state. When we are too cold, the hypothalamus releases hormones that cause us to shiver and seek out warmth or put on clothing. When we have not had enough sleep, we are likewise pushed to slow down as we yawn and struggle to keep our eyes open. Homeostasis helps us to return to this balance when we deviate from our normal state.
Mopani worms, which look like caterpillars in appearance. Habitat: the mopani trees of South Africa. Somewhat stringy, this exotic food is usually fried, grilled or cooked, spiced with chilli& often eaten with peanuts. Virgin eggs (童子蛋) are chicken eggs cooked in the urine of young boys. Centuries old tradition in Dongyang City, China. The street food has been officially listed as one of the city's cultural heritage.
The Biological Factors of Hunger 1. Activity of the lateral & medial hypothalamus. (see previous slides) 2. Basal Metabolic Rate:Each person burns food at a different rate & expends energy with different efficiency. A person with a high metabolic rate can eat more without gaining weight than someone who is just as active, but has a lower metabolic rate. 3. Body Set Point:Just as we have a temperature “thermostat” that keeps our body temp within an acceptable range, one theory suggests that we have a weight “set point.” Newer research suggests we have a “settling point” – a range of normal weights within which we can vary. 4. Taste sensation:Tastes is an important factor when we first begin eating. It encourages us to continue.
Taste Preferences Food taste better and we chew lesswhen we are hungry(beginning of ameal). Food tastes worse and we chew more when we are not hungry (at the end of the meal). Its strange, the better the food tastes, the less time we leave it in our mouths!
Hunger & eating are governed in part by a variety of food-related cues. Schachterfound that obese subjects would eat more than non-obese subjects when they were told it was much later in the afternoon than it actually was. Also, they would eat more of a tasty ice cream product than one that was not as tasty.
Do advertisements impact your eating habits?
Social Eating Celebration Eating Cultural Eating
YouTube: Discovering Psychology - Motivation & Emotion (27:39)
You are a university counselor who wants to develop a program to improve academic performance. You believe that many students perform poorly because of motivational problems, including simple lack of motivation as well as being motivated by the wrong things. What are some of the considerations that should guide the design of your program? Maslow's theory implies that motivation to perform well academically must wait upon the satisfaction of lower-level motives. It may be possible to link motivation to perform well in school with other motives that are already stronger, such as the need for affiliation. Success along these lines will require understanding the nature of individual differences in levels of these other motives. People with different levels of achievement motivation respond differently depending upon levels of challenge. Fear of failure also influences efforts toward achievement.
You are a university counselor who wants to develop a program to improve academic performance. You believe that many students perform poorly because of motivational problems, including simple lack of motivation as well as being motivated by the wrong things. What are some of the considerations that should guide the design of your program? Remember that motivation can be influenced by incentives. Expectancy-value models can be useful here. Some motives are biological, some social. One's level of motivation to perform well in school depends on social experiences and can thus be manipulated through social experience.
Compare and contrast sexual motivation with the basic motives of hunger & thirst. How well do the concepts of drive&homeostasis contribute to understanding sexual motivation? All are biologically based, though hunger & thirst are necessary for individual survival. Sex is not (though some individuals might argue this point). All 3 seem to conform to the definition of "drive."
Compare and contrast sexual motivation with the basic motives of hunger and thirst. How well do the concepts of drive and homeostasis contribute to understanding sexual motivation? HOWEVER, sexual motivation is not driven by deprivation as much as the other two, so that its satisfaction is not as easily explained in terms of homeostasis or maintaining equilibrium. Sexual motivation in humans appears to be more under the influence of incentives than are hunger and thirst. All are influenced by a complex network of biological & social factors. (Like Advertisements!)
